Tourism and the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism and the media - Essay Example Tourism works unlike other industries in the fact that the industry depends a lot on the media for the success of the industry as a whole. The media is one of biggest drivers of tourism because the media serves the role of creating awareness about different places that are attractive for tourist to visit. The media influences tourism in a lot of ways. The role of media on tourism is a two-edge sword because the media can affect tourism in both a positive and negative way. One of the largest industries the media controls is the movie industry. A lot of movies showcase tourism spots indirectly in the plots of movies. Take for example the movie The Beach. This movie was filmed at one of the most beautiful beaches in the world. The movie was filmed on Thailand’s Maya Beach (Thailandlogue, 2011). After the movie was released the Maya Beach region received a huge influx of tourists due to the free promotion Maya Beach received. Movies are just one of many ways the media can influenc e tourism. There are television channels that are solely dedicated to promoting tourism worldwide. A channel that has done a great job promoting tourism is the Travel Channel. The purpose of the Travel Channel is to connect people to the power and joy of human journey that inspires, surprises, and entertain humans across the world (Travelchannel, 2011). The written press is another media channel that has lot of power and its actions influence tourism. Most national newspapers have a section dedicated to travel. The travel section of a newspaper showcases different tourism spots across the world. When people read and see pictures about different parts of the world they get motivated to save money in order to visit these places. There is valuable information in newspapers that can help tourism once they reach their destination. Information such as the current currency exchange rate and weather information can be obtained by reading a local newspaper. A lot of countries advertise thems elves through magazines. The efforts of the media play a vital role in the promotion of tourism. One of the most important aspects about tourism is that it promotes economic development. There are countries in the world such as many of the Caribbean inlands that are extremely dependent on tourism dollars to support their national economies. â€Å"Tourism is highly dependent on media reporting because the vast majority of travel decisions are made by people who have never seen the destination first hand themselves† (Un, 2007). The exposure the media can provide to a region can help generate tourism. One of the ways the media can help tourism as a whole is by teaching people about other cultures. Television programs can help people get accustomed to the idea of visiting a new location. For example the television series â€Å"Outsourced† produced by NBC showcases a cast of actors of Indian descent (Sidereel, 2011). Through the program people can learn about the culture of India which can help raise a person’s interest in visiting such a location. Another type of program that directly influences the tourism prospects of a country are documentaries. A documentary can be defined as media that presents a non-fictional story that incorporates music, pictures, video clips, emotion, camera angles, and lighting to enhance a story (Blogspot, 2007). When documentaries are used to showcase a country potential tourists get a chance to get an in-depth view a country. Documentaries

Romeo and Juliet movie comparison Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet movie comparison Essay The timeless tale of Romeo and Juliet has been told again and again; the similarities and differences between the films are endless. Two movies were made based on the classic love story, Romeo and Juliet. The first movie was made in 1968 and the second was a much more modern remake of the classic tale which was made in 1996. These movies told the romance in similar, but still in different ways. Both movies can be easily compared and differentiated because they were both alike and different at different times. Although both movies told the same story the time period was set in unlike eras, but they still had their resemblances. The older 1968 version was set in the time period when William Shakespeare actually wrote the play. The newer 1996 version was set in the modern era of the 90’s. Although the newer version was set in the 90’s the same dialogue that Shakespeare wrote was still used in the new film. In the older film the dialogue matched the time era the movie was set, unlike the newer version. Scenes like the balcony scene showed various differences and similarities. The modern version suggested a more modern time set due to the pool, elevator, and security cameras the guards were watching; in the older version the balcony scene was on an actual balcony, Juliet’s and Romeo’s clothes suggested a more renaissance time set. The balcony scene led to the same events that happened later on, and also showed Romeo and Juliet’s intense and outrageous love fo r each other. The time period is a big difference between the movies, but another scene that showed similarities and differences was the time where Romeo and Juliet spent their last moments together, the death scene. Within the death scene there are countless similarities and differences that can be revealed. In the modern version Juliet wakes up and witnesses Romeo die. In the older version Romeo drinks the poison and dies then Juliet wakes up. Both scenes show Romeo and Juliet’s love for each other and what they are willing to do to be together forever. The monument Juliet was in had her dead ancestors inside it as well as Juliet. In the new movie there are no dead bodies to be found. This scene has it’s differences but the major similarity that appears is Romeo and Juliet’s intense and extreme lengths they would go to for their love. The classic tale of Romeo and Juliet forbidden love has been told several times since it’s been written. The two movies that were made based on the story presented numerous similarities and differences. The time period revealed differences, although the dialogue revealed a similarity. Scenes such as the balcony scene and the death scene showed differences and similarities based on the time period, structure of the scenes, and order of events. Romeo and Juliet is a tragic and timeless tale that revealed numerous similarities and differences through the movies that were created.

Artificial insemination :: essays research papers fc

Artificial insemination is the injection of SEMEN into the vagina by instrumental means. The first artificial inseminations of viviparous (live-bearing) animals were performed by the 18th-century Italian physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, who proved that the male contribution to reproduction resided in the semen, although he did not recognize spermatozoa as the fertilizing agents. Pioneering work in the artificial insemination of dairy and beef animals was done in Russia about the time of the Revolutions of 1917. By the 1930s it was being practiced throughout Europe and the United States. The principal advantage of artificial insemination over natural breeding is that a single male of superior genetic quality can be used to impregnate thousands of females, thereby improving herds and increasing dairy and meat production. With artificial insemination, dairy farmers need not risk the deterioration of their herds from excessive inbreeding, nor incur the expense of maintaining their own bulls. In humans, artificial insemination is used to achieve pregnancy when an anatomical impediment prevents direct fertilization. When the male is sterile, semen is collected from an anonymous donor who is known by the physician to have a family history free of genetic disease. The same precautions are taken when, as in recent years, artificial insemination has been used as a means of providing a child to a couple where the woman cannot conceive. In such cases the husband's sperm is used to fertilize a SURROGATE MOTHER, who has volunteered to bear the child, usually for a fee, and to give it up immediately after its birth. At question are the legal aspects of surrogate motherhood as well as unresolved moral and religious issues. In cases where a woman is unable to conceive as a result of defective oviducts, an egg can be removed surgically from her ovary and fertilized "in vitro": in a petri dish under laboratory conditions that simulate the environment inside the oviduct where fertilization normally takes place (see IN VITRO FERTILIZATION). The embryo is then transferred to the woman's uterus to develop normally. Zoo workers are in the process of refining artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization technologies to help breed a rare and endangered species, to replace the expensive and not-always-successful practice of shipping animals around for mating purposes. Importing semen will make it easier to mate rare animals from far-flung zoos, keeping a good amount of variety in the gene pool.

Biography Og N.V.M Gonzales

The Winds of April. Manila: University of the Philippines Press, 1941. * Seven Hills Away. Denver: Alan Swallow, 1947. * Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and Other Stories. Manila: Benipayo, 1954; Bookmark Filipino Literary Classics, 1992. * Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and Other Stories. Manila: Benipayo, 1954; Bookmark Filipino Literary Classics, 1992. * A Season of Grace. Manila: Benipayo, 1956; Russian translation, 1974; Malaysian translation, 1988; Bookmark Filipino Literary Classics, 1992. * The Bamboo Dancers.Manila: Benipayo, 1957; first published in full in Diliman Review and Manila Times Sunday Magazine (three-part serial); Alan Swallow, 1961; Russian translation, 1964; Manila: Bookmark Filipino Literary Classics, 1992 * Look, Stranger, on this Island Now. Manila: Benipayo, 1963. * Selected Stories. Denver, CO: Alan Swallow, 1964. * Mindoro and Beyond: Twenty-one Stories. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1981; New Day, 1989 (emended edition). * The Brea d of Salt and Other Stories. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993; University of the Philippines Press, 1993. * Work on the Mountain.Includes The Father and the Maid, Essays on Filipino Life and Letters and Kalutang: A Filipino in the World, University of the Philippines Press, 1996. * A Novel of Justice: Selected Essays 1968-1994. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts and Anvil (popular edition), 1996. * A Grammar of Dreams and Other Stories. University of the Philippines Press, 1997. * The Winds of April. Reissue, University of the Philippines Press, 1997. N. V. M. Gonzalez once said. A teacher, author, journalist and essayist, Gonzalez is one of the most widely recognized, anthologized and closely studied among Filipino writers.His most notable works include the novels The Winds of April, The Bamboo Dancers and A Season of Grace, short story collections Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and The Bread of Salt and Other Stories and essay collections Work on t he Mountain and The Novel of Justice: Selected Essays. Gonzalez distinctively wrote of the Filipino life, of the Filipino in the world. Gonzalez is himself a Filipino in the world, traversing between the United States and the Philippines and exploring Europe and Asia. The affair of letters Gonzalez created is more than literature.It is the story of a Filipino in the world. It is his story. Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez, familiarly known as simply â€Å"N. V. M. ,† was born on September 8, 1915 in Romblon, Romblon and moved to Mindoro at the age of five. The son of a school supervisor and a teacher, Gonzalez helped his father by delivering meat door-to-door. Gonzalez attended Mindoro High School from 1927 to 1930, and although he studied at National University in Manila, he never obtained a degree. While in Manila, Gonzalez wrote for the Philippine Graphic and later edited for the Evening News Magazine and Manila Chronicle.His first published essay appeared in the Philippine Graphic and his first poem in Poetry in 1934. â€Å"For the good of my soul lately I have been reading Jose Rizal and as much as I admire Mr. Rizal's political sentiments, I must say I prefer Gonzalez as a novelist. † -Wallace Stegner, 1950| A Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, awarded to Gonzalez in 1948, allowed the aspiring author to travel to Stanford University in Palo Alto, California and Columbia University in New York City. While at Stanford, Gonzalez attended lectures and classes from many prominent writers, Wallace Stegner and Katherine Anne Porter amongst them.After Gonzalez returned to the Philippines in 1950, he began a long teaching career, beginning with a position at the University of Santo Tomas. Gonzalez also taught at the Philippine Women's University, but it was the lengthy position at the University of the Philippines that gave distinction to Gonzalez's career – as a teacher at the university for 18 years, Gonzalez was only one of two people to tea ch there without holding a degree. Gonzalez hosted the first University of the Philippines writer's workshop with a group who would soon form the Ravens.In addition, Gonzalez made his mark in the writing community as a member of the Board of Advisers of Likhaan: the University of the Philippines Creative Writing Center, founder The Diliman Review and as the first president of the Philippine Writers' Association. Gonzalez continued to teach when he returned to California in the 1960s, serving as a visiting professor at the University of California at Santa Barbara; professor emeritus at California State University, Hayward; and professor at University of California at Los Angeles' Asian American Studies Center and English department.Throughout Gonzalez's teaching career, the author produced 14 books and accumulated many awards along the way. Through these writings, Gonzalez received many prestigious awards, including repeated Palanca Memorial Award for Literature awards, the Jose Riz al Pro Patria Award, and the City of Manila Medal of Honor. In addition, his books became internationally recognized, and his works have been translated into Chinese, German, Russian and Bahasa Indonesian. Gonzalez received an honorary doctorate from the University of the Philippines in 1987 and became its first international writer in residence in 1988.He served as the 1998-1999 Regents Professor at the University of California at Los Angeles and continued to receive distinctions such as the National Artist Award for Literature in 1997 and the Centennial Award for Literature in 1998. In 1990 and 1996, â€Å"N. V. M. Gonzalez Days† were celebrated in San Francisco and Los Angeles, respectively. Despite Gonzalez's travels, he never gave up his Filipino citizenship. Critics feared that Gonzalez would someday settle into the Filipino-American genre of literature, but Gonzalez often pointed out with an all-familiar twinkle in his eye, â€Å"I never left home.True to his word, th e home that shaped Gonzalez's days is present in his writings, from the blossoming of a love story to the culture reflected in an immigrant experience. N. V. M. started his career at the age of 19; 65 years later, he was still creating affairs with letters. He passed away on November 28, 1999, due to kidney complications. He was 84. N. V. M. Gonzalez is remembered as an innovative writer, a dedicated and humble worker and an honest witty friend. He will be dearly missed.

Platonic Love Essay

In the Symposium, which is normally dated at the beginning of the middle period, Plato introduces his theory of love. First thing to note is that in Plato’s theory, love is given and its existence is not questioned. The word love leaves the matter ambiguous as to whether we are discussing love in the normal, human, sense of the word, or if we are discussing desire in a much broader sense, but in this discussion we are only considering only love of type eros, love as a kind of desire that exists between two human beings. Symposium, is a dialogue by Plato, about a dinner party in honor of the tragedian Agathon, after they have finished eating Phaedrus suggests that each person in turn should make a speech about the praise of god of love. Symposium not only gives us theory of Forms in Diotima’s discussion of the Form of Beauty, but it also gives us a number of varying perspectives on love. One more important thing to consider is that Diotima is not known to be a historical figure, and the way in which she is introduced suggests that she is almost certainly just a literary device developed by Plato to express his own ideas. In this theory, we see Plato rejecting the romanticization of sexual love, valuing above all an asexual and all-consuming passion for wisdom and beauty. Plato clearly regards actual physical or sexual contact between lovers as degraded and wasteful forms of erotic expression. Because the true goal of eros is real beauty and real beauty is the Form of Beauty, what Plato calls Beauty Itself, eros finds its fulfillment only in Platonic philosophy. Unless it channels its power of love into â€Å"higher pursuits,† which culminate in the knowledge of the Form of Beauty, eros is doomed to frustration. For this reason, Plato thinks that most people sadly squander the real power of love by limiting themselves to the mere pleasures of physical beauty. For understanding of Plato’s description of love it is very important to firstly understand his notions, about structure of knowledge and his ideas on appearance and reality . Plato has given allegory of the cave and the line to explain the difference between reality and appearance, through which Plato means to depict four ways of thinking, and he has defined the structure of knowledge by giving specific order to these four ways and knowledge according to Plato is to rise along this structure. He puts images of the objects on the lowest level, above which he puts objects. Above the object is the concept of the object developed from the object, which lead to the highest and purest form of thinking, ‘pure concept’, concept which is independent of the object. Here the first two levels of knowledge differ significantly from the last two. Plato argues that one can only have opinions about the first two levels (objects and images), because there is no certainty about them. They exist in the reality, so they are subject to change, and this certainty is achieved in the later of the two levels. According to Plato from the pure concept we can derive the â€Å"form†, which gives us the essence. Here one more important thing to realize is that for Plato, we are born with knowledge, it is just that we have forgotten it, so going through this ladder to achieve the form is merely a way of recollection. Love is one of the form of desire, where desire implies the lack of something. Love as a word can be used in two ways noun or verb, thus it can mean objects of love or acts of love, and while formulating a theory of love it is very important to know which one precedes the other. In Plato’s theory of love, it is very evident that for Plato love is an object and the acts of the love are derived from the objects of love. These acts should be directed towards achieving of objects of love. After having an idea about the structure of knowledge for Plato, it is easier to understand the methods he adopts to derive the parameters for objects of love and how to achieve the form of love. In Symposium, Socrates is just restating the account of love given to him by a woman named Diotima. In this dialogue Socrates derives various parameters of love through a series of questions, which he asks to Agathon. As mentioned earlier, love is a form of desire one of the parameter of objects of love is that it should be desirable. Also from the arguments between Agthon and Socrates, one can deduce that being beautiful is also one of the parameter to become an object of love. Here one important thing to note is that whether something is beautiful or not is objective not subjective. Further by the example of wealth, health and strength, Socrates argues that not only desiring the object once, but also the continuance of the desirability, is a parameter for the object of love. After which Socrates asks Agathon whether good is beautiful or not, to which Agathon replies that he can not refute Socrates, But Socrates replies by arguing that Agathon can not refute the truth that is why he can not refute him. Thus we can derive that for Socrates , being good is also one of the parameter for becoming the object of love. After discussing the nature of the objects of love and also the structure of knowledge, it is easier to understand how to achieve the form of love. To achieve the true love, first step is to love worldly images and objects, from which one can derive the concept of good beauty through the encounters with beautiful particulars. From the concept of beauty one can derive the form of beauty or the eternal beauty, according to Plato true and pure love is nothing but the form of beauty. According to him, the person who has achieved the form of beauty will suddenly perceive a nature of wondrous beauty. Thus for Plato love is ascending from the particulars to form of beauty, which indicates that Plato believes that love for objects of love can not be true love, they are just means to achieve the form of beauty. One can also deduce from here, that Platonic love operates through a standard. Thus the true order of going is to begin from the beauties of the worldly images or objects and mount upwards for the sake of other beauties, using these as steps only to go to all fair forms and from fair forms to fair practices and from fair practices to fair notions, until from fair notion we arrive at the concept of the absolute beauty and at last know what is the essence of beauty.

Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens Essays

Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens Essays Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens Essay Representation of men in Hard Times by Charles Dickens Essay Essay Topic: Hard Times Your Analysis To Show How Dickens Represents Men In The Novel. The extract introduces Mr. Bounder to the reader. He is introduced as being a proud, arrogant, factual man, displaying his dominance and is used by Dickens to represent men in the novel. This idea of Bounders pride and dominance is not unexpected due to the stigmas of the era, men were generally considered to be better, more capable than women. His factual nature Is also typical as It represents the theme of fact and fancy that Dickens has used throughout the book. Firstly Dickens makes It clear that Bounder is successful through the use of the ascendancy list he was a rich man; banker, merchant, manufacturer and what not which shows his some of his accomplishments in life as well as how influential he was in industry. This could be interpreted to demonstrate the many pursuits that are available to men, and their dominance of the business world. Mr. Granddad Is also mentioned briefly in the extract as Bounders eminently practical friend using the motif to represent him. The multiple modifiers suggest that the nature of men is very sensible, factual and elastic. Dickens uses the appearance of Mr. Bounder to give the audience an impression of the representation of men throughout Hard Times. The reader is introduced to Bounder as a big loud man, with a stare and metallic laugh. This dramatic declarative uses a metaphor to show how Inhuman, or emotionless/ detached men and Bounder can be, the metallic laugh suggests a certain coldness and robotic nature. The multiple modifiers In great puffed head and forehead indicates the intelligence of Mr. Bounder while also suggesting that he may be big headed and full of himself. This view is supported by the simile a man with a pervading appearance on him of being inflated like a balloon showing that Bounder is over inflated, full of wind and self importance. Dickens describes that Bounder talks with a brassy speaking-trumpet of a voice-Walt this metaphor showing that he talks blasting out what he has to say. It also links to the Idiom blowing your own trumpet, again showing how full of himself this character Is. This is again demonstrated with the noun phrases coarse material, swelled veins stained skin, although these also illustrate how undesirable and horrible Bounder is. Dickens states that he had not much hair. One might have fancied he had talked it off. The dramatic declarative uses a metaphor to indicate that Bounder is always speaking In order to get his pollen across. Furthermore it suggests that his factual nature may grow rather boring. Bounders hair Is also said to be constantly blown about by his windy boastfulness this metaphor may suggest that half the things he says are not true, or exaggerated. Through the appearance of Mr. Bounder Dickens gives a very harsh view of men, it seems he represents them as being egotistical, and lull of self-importance, as well as being generally unpleasant. They are also however shown to be practical and pragmatic. Dickens also uses Bounders actions and behavior throughout the extract to represent men In Hard Times. Dickens states and adverb sufficiently vaunt show that Bounder felt that there was never enough said about him and his less desirable past. The verb proclaiming also suggests this, demonstrating pride and arrogance. Bounder is named the Bully of humility in a metaphor indicating that he tramples over honesty, discretion and humbleness, heartsickness that tend to portray fancy rather than facts. As Bounder talks, he takes a commanding position which to subdue Mrs. Grandkid. The verbs, commanding and subdue show how he is pushing her down and putting her in her place, they additionally demonstrate the different social standings of men and women, women are lower while men are dominant. In conclusion, Dickens has used the descriptions of Mr. Bounders appearance and actions to demonstrate his representations of men throughout Hard Times. Men are shown to be egotistical, factual and rather unpleasant throughout.

The Volatile Nature of Its

The Volatile Nature of Its The Volatile Nature of It’s The Volatile Nature of It’s By Maeve Maddox Blasphemy: A law to protect an All-Powerful, supernatural Deity from getting its feelings hurt. As you might expect, this quip by Ricky Gervais stirred strong responses when it was posted on Facebook. Some commenters were amused by it, but others most definitely were not. What caught my attention was not the heated religious discussion that Gervais’s irreverent comment provoked, but the grammatical scuffle that erupted over his erroneous use of it’s. Commenters were able to â€Å"Like† individual replies. The first reader to point out that â€Å"it’s feelings† should read â€Å"its feelings† received 103 Likes. The comment that dismissed the objection–â€Å"Its basic grammar and was probably a typo. Who cares?†Ã¢â‚¬â€œreceived only 7 Likes. Is it too much to hope that this little pollunscientific as it issuggests that members of the reading public who care about the correct use of it’s may outnumber those who don’t? Probably. Something this exchange does illustrate is that typographical errors, misspellings, and grammatical faults distract readers from serious discussions–even in that land of linguistic anarchy we call â€Å"social media.† I’d be lying if I said I’ve never typed it’s where the context called for its. I’ve probably even allowed at least one disgraceful it’s to slip into print. For that reason, I must be grateful to the class of readers who can give a misused it’s the benefit of the doubt. Such tolerant folks assume it must be an unintended typo. After all, doesn’t everyone know that it’s is a contraction of it is and not a possessive adjective? Alas, some typos are more forgivable than others, even in comment threads. The accidental typing of hte or teh for the, for example, will go unremarked by all but the most mean-spirited nit-picking troll. It’s for its, on the other hand, elicits a visceral reaction in some readers. They can’t help it. No matter how deep or serious a discussion, a misplaced it’s or its will almost certainly bring it to a grinding halt. Bottomline: Whether you think it matters or not, if you want to keep readers’ attention focused on the topic at hand, make sure you haven’t misused it’s before clicking â€Å"Reply† or â€Å"Submit.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)15 Types of Documents20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Lifetime Earnings Soar with Education

Lifetime Earnings Soar with Education How much more is higher education worth in cold hard money than a high school diploma? Plenty. A college masters degree is worth an average of $1.3 million more in lifetime earnings than a high school diploma, according to a recent report from the U.S. Census Bureau. The report titled The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings reveals that over an adults working life, high school graduates can expect, on average, to earn $1.2 million, while those with a bachelors degree will earn, $2.1 million; and people with a masters degree will earn $2.5 million. The large differences in average work-life earnings among the educational levels reflect both differential starting salaries and also disparate earnings trajectories, noted the Census Bureau, that is, the path of earnings over one’s life.Persons with doctoral degrees earn an average of $3.4 million during their working life, while those with professional degrees, like medicine, law, and engineering do best at $4.4 million.At most ages, more education equates with higher earnings, and the payoff is most notable at the highest educational levels, said Jennifer Cheeseman Day, co-author of the report.The figures are based on 1999 earnings projected over a typical work life, defined by the Census Bureau as the period from ages 25 through 64. While many people stop working at an age other than 65, or start before age 25, this range of 40 years provides a practical benchmark for many people, noted the Census Bureau. Americans Staying In School Longer Along with the financial data, the report also shows that more Americans are staying in school longer than ever before. In 2000, as 84%  of American adults age 25 and over had at least completed  high school and 26% had continued to earn a bachelors degree or higher, both percentages all-time highs. 'Glass Ceiling' On Earnings Still Intact The report also shows that while more American women than men have received bachelors degrees every year since 1982, men with professional degrees may expect to cumulatively earn almost $2 million more than their female counterparts over their work lives. Glass ceiling aside, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that women who graduated from college earned about 76 percent more than women with only a high school diploma in 2004.Additional highlights from the report show: In 1999, average annual earnings ranged from $18,900 for high school dropouts to $25,900 for high school graduates, $45,400 for college graduates and $99,300 for the holders of professional degrees (medical doctors, dentists, veterinarians, and lawyers).Over a work life, earnings for a worker with a bachelors degree compared with one who had just a high school diploma increase by about $1 million for non-Hispanic Whites and about $700,000 for African Americans; Asians and Pacific Islanders; and Hispanics.Currently, almost 9-in-10 young adults graduate from high school and about 6-in-10 high school seniors go on to college the following year. A separate report released last year, Whats It Worth? Field of Training and Economic Status: 1996, said among people with bachelors degrees, those working full time in engineering earned the highest average monthly pay ($4,680), while those with education degrees earned the lowest ($2,802) in 1996. 2016 Updated Figures Without a College Degree: According to data most recently collected in 2016 by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, full-time workers age 25 and older without a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $494 in the first quarter of 2016. That compares with a median of $679 for high school graduates who never attended college and $782 for workers with some college or an associate degree. With a College Degree: Median weekly earnings were $1,155 for workers with a bachelors degree and $1,435 for workers with an advanced degree- a master’s, professional, or doctoral degree. Among college graduates with advanced degrees, the highest earning 10% of men- whose earnings were at or above the 90th percentile- made $3,871 or more per week; the 90th percentile for women with advanced degrees was $2,409 or more. Weekly earnings for the lowest paid 10% of men with advanced degrees- whose earnings were below the 10th percentile were less than $773 in the first quarter. That was slightly higher than the median earnings- the 50th percentile- of men who had completed high school but never attended college.

The Struggle of Past Identity in Modern Lebanon Essay

The Struggle of Past Identity in Modern Lebanon - Essay Example Using methods from both the sciences and the humanities, anthropology helps us to understand the world around us. Anthropologists work in a wide variety of settings around the globe, including rain forests, high-altitude environments, rural villages, and large cities. (Headrick 2007) Anthropology studies all facets of society and culture is it tools, techniques, traditions, language, beliefs, kinships, values, social institutions, economic mechanisms, cravings for beauty and art, struggles for prestige. This includes, by way of example, but is not limited to Linguistics is the study of human languages, their synchronic structure,and their diachronic evolution, and linguists dedicate themselves to the description and documentation of live and extinct languages. Linguistic Anthropology is the study of the interrelation of language, culture, and human cognition. It describes the impact of humans on other humans. It basically studies human characteristics generated and propagated by humans themselves. Cultural Anthropology: for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871. Tylor said that culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Of course, it is not limited to men. Women possess and create it as well. Since Tylor's time, the concept of culture has become the central focus of anthropology. Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made things are merely the products of culture. They are not culture in themselves. For this reason, archaeologists can not dig up culture directly in their excavations. The broken pots and other artifacts of ancient people that they uncover are only material remains that reflect cultural patterns--they are things that were made and used through cultural knowledge and skills. It provides in depth studies of and comparisons between living cultures and traditions. It also studies the social organization of people by studying and analyzing the language, economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption an exchange, gender relations, kinship and family structure, individuals and their relationship with the past. Different subfields under this category include

Robert Frost-Range Finding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Robert Frost-Range Finding - Essay Example In this poem, he describes intricate details of his thoughts and experiences concerning his love for nature and the beauty of the earth. It is a vivid description of the battle within the human soul, regarding the gentle side and the wrong side. It has few line breaks, and the poem has relatively long lines of almost equal words. The poem has a simple rhyme scheme (abbaabba ccedeed). This rhyme scheme has a relaxed and laid back feeling to it, and it resonates throughout the whole poem. The poem organization is of very even structure and has no irregular breaks or ends. It has a flow, which is predictable and easy to catch onto. The poem has a mixture of normal English and the traditional English with words such as "Oernight" and "Twixt" which fall under the old English form of traditional ancient Britain. It has no set rhyme scheme and follows a natural course of well thought out words. The poem does not follow the Standard English syntax and diction and uses a mixture of the old and the new. This is used to add diversity and originality to the piece. It is also evident that the poem does not follow any traditional rhyming but rather it is free flowing, and it has no set rhyme pattern of words. The song also features imagery and symbolism with the use of individual objects or creatures to represent hidden meanings. In this context, the butterfly and the bullet represent certain criteria, as well as other objects and creatures. This form of literature provokes the artist to think and reflect over the poem with the aim of understanding the reason for the writing of the poem. The poem also employs the use of suspense as it ends on an anti-climax, leaving the reader yearning for more and wondering what could have transpired afterward. The heading of the poem, "Range Finding" means the shot that is used to determine the accuracy of a gun over a certain distance. This phrase is used in this particular context to emphasize the effects of the

About stereotypes , overcoming stereotypes Essay

About stereotypes , overcoming stereotypes - Essay Example reotypes one must first recognize the inaccuracy of simplified assumptions about an entire group of people, actively refuse to participate in this type of behavior and thinking, and promote better awareness in those who are influenced by stereotypical beliefs. Recognizing stereotypes is usually a simple matter as many are ridiculous and untruthful representations. However, it is important to remember that not all stereotypes are obvious obviously insulting, but make still make a generalization about a specific group. For example, the assumption that Caucasians can’t dance with any rhythm is not intensely insulting, but is still a stereotype because it does not recognize the ability of individuals. Though this is not as obvious as more hurtful stereotypes, such as the stereotype such as all African-American being drug dealers, it is still a problem when it comes to accepting and living in a happy, equal society. By recognizing and actively refusing to allow your actions or opinions to be swayed by stereotypes, you will be able to judge others around you more fairly and accurately. It also makes it easier to realize that people who do use stereotypes as a basis for judging others are not well-informed and usually have no familiarity with the people they are making assumptions about. Knowing this makes it easier to ignore any stereotypes others might apply to us in our lifetimes. Though it is very important to recognize and avoid the use of stereotypes, the most important step to overcoming stereotypes is in promoting better understanding and awareness among others in our community. By teaching others about equality and the uniqueness of individual regardless of race, gender, religion, and sexual orientation, we can promote a better, happier, free community in which every person has the same opportunities and are not hindered by prejudice or ignorance. The exaggeration and generalization found in stereotypes can hurtful or insulting, but ultimately are not true

Memo on Earthquake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memo on Earthquake - Essay Example Option #1 is to report it as an extraordinary loss separate from operations. And Option #2 is to report the loss in a continuing operation but treat it as a separate part in the income statement. These two options would require proper disclosure in our footnotes of the event. The reporting of extraordinary items (losses) has an advantage, that is, they are not included under normal operating income which will be construed by stakeholders and creditors as items that will not happen in the foreseeable future. Hence, the event’s effects on net income are not in any way reflects the true status of the business operation since it is not a recurring event. According to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 225-20-45-2 â€Å"extraordinary items are events and transactions that are distinguished by their unusual and by infrequency of their occurrence. Thus, both of the following criteria should be met to classify an event or transaction a s an extraordinary item†. CHHS has to decide whether the earthquake meets both criteria. Per FASB ASC 225-20-55-2 â€Å"An event or transaction of a type that occurs frequently in the environment in which the entity operates cannot, by definition, be considered as extraordinary, regardless of its financial effect.† On the other hand per FASB ASC 225-20-55-1 stated that â€Å"unusual nature is not established by the fact that an event or transaction is beyond the control of management†. Statistics gathered from Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC) showed that since 1969, there were about 99 earthquakes that shook the Bay Area with magnitudes of 5 or greater but only 3 have so far been recorded more than 6.7. With these statistics, it may be difficult to validate that earthquakes are infrequent and of a kind that would not be projected to happen in the foreseeable future. Should we were to report the damage as an extraordinary item; it will appear und er continuing operations as the net-of-tax of $16.5 million. Per FASB ASC 225-20-50-3 states that â€Å"The nature and financial effects of each event or transaction that is unusual in nature or occurs infrequently, but not both, shall be disclosed on the face of the income statement or, alternatively, in notes to the financial statements.† We can use this statement as our basis â€Å"to report losses under continuing operations but as separate component† according to Accounting Principles Board (APB) Opinion 30 paragraph 26. Under this reporting method, stakeholders and creditors are prone to analyze that there is still a risk that an earthquake will happen again, but the chance is little. Should we report the damage under this option, we would include the full $27.5 million loss as a separate component in continuing operations. Stakeholders and creditors rely on the income statement very much, their decision is dependent on the report we will submit. I am therefore r ecommending Option #2, that is, to report the earthquake damages under continuing operations but as a separate income statement component. Our stores are conspicuously located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, an earthquake-prone area, thus should not be included as extraordinary items. By reporting the earthquake damages as a separate component under continuing operations, we will be following the guidelines prescribed by FASB

Social Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Relations - Essay Example Many people tend to be aggressive for one reason or another. The result of one's character is highly characterized by roles one plays, and mutual interactions of motivation and the motion which lies at the heart of autonomy adaptation and social interaction in both biological and artificial agents (Kenny D, 1994). They also have a powerful and wide range in influence on many aspects of cognition and action even though one's role is often considered complimentary. This is concerned by external and internal factors involved in the establishment of one's behaviour where emotion is the core determiner of behaviour among the critical factors (Kenny D, 1994). Within societies, an individual learns not only on his own but also through interaction with other people surrounding him/her. This brings about the issue of social intelligence an essential tool in communication through conservations (Brown J, 1991). Social aggregation has a strong genetic basis where it is mainly as a result of environmental influences (Brown J, 1991). Specifically, teachers and peers indicate an extent to which a participating child exhibits social aggressive behaviors, such as trying to make others hate one another or the degree of influence to make others like one another, or saying bad things and spreading nasty rumours (Brown J, 1991). Empirical evidence for an effect of workplace psychological control on an individual is sometimes not visible but studies have shown that negative parenting behaviours such as lack of responsiveness and coercion are linked to one's ego (Perloff R, 2003). People who have socially aggressive friends tend to be aggressive themselves (Perloff R, 2003). This contributes to much social stratification where people tend to group themselves in terms of character and behaviour. This makes them share a habit in common. For workers today, the stress associated with trying to blend the responsibilities of paid work with responsibilities of family and personal life has become an increasingly visible issue (Perloff R, 2003). This is because more and more workers continue reporting on how their lives have become frenzy as they struggle with the unrelenting demands of work and personality (Perloff R, 2003). The significance of being free of bias brings about independence freedom of thought and democracy, where one is not intimidated (Kenny D, 1994). It creates integrative minds, where a person acts without being told, and thinks that he is right (Kenny D, 1994). There is an increasing demand for those who practice initiative because the reward is two fold, one it helps one improve his financial status and also develops strength in his/her personal attributes. In conclusion, social psychology principles plays a critical component in enabling individuals interact, as well as personal relationship. It creates the spirit of mutual interrelationship between people whereby, the participants share information, therefore enhancing clear understanding of our surroundings. Reference Brown, J. David. (1991). "Preprofessional Socialization and Identity Transformation: The Case of the Professional Experience". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography Perloff, R. M. (2003).

Looking beyond the Irish Famine in OFlahertys Going to Exile Essay

Looking beyond the Irish Famine in OFlahertys Going to Exile - Essay Example According to Social Education (2000), the problems with the Irish potato crop were first reported in the Dublin Evening Post on September 9, 1845. During this time, the previously healthy green fields of potato plants turned black because potatoes were rotting underground. At first, the cause of the crop failure was unknown. It was later revealed that the blight was the result of a fungus known as Phytophethora infestans, which probably arrived in Europe from North America. There had been similar potato crop failures on the east coast of the United States in 1842 and 1843. The blight spread quickly through Holland and Belgium, arriving in Ireland in 1845, when it destroyed 30% of the potato crop. In 1846, 1848, and 1849, nearly the entire potato crop failed. Although the blight did not strike in 1847, people starved because they had eaten any unspoiled â€Å"seed potatoes† during the terrible winter of 1846-47. The British government decided not to provide replacement seed potatoes in 1847.The first official government response to the potato blight was to estimate damage to the crop. Police reported crop losses weekly. Experts also investigated the situation and suggested possible â€Å"remedies†, which were wishful thinking. At first, Br itish Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel purchased American Indian corn to help feed the hungry, and he set up small-scale public work relief projects. Later, the government and private charities set up food kitchens where they distributed soup, but such efforts were quickly overwhelmed by the magnitude of the problem. The situation for the Irish worsened when Peel and his supporters were replaced by a new government headed by Lord John Russell. Like most leading British thinkers and government officials at that time, he believed in laissez-faire economics. This theory held that government involvement in the economy (like aid to the hungry) would only increase problems like scarcity in the long run. Laissez-faire is a French phrase that means "leave it alone"; in other words, let market forces determine supply and price, with no government help or intervention. Thus, the British exported grain and livestock from Ireland to England (to pay for rent, tithing, and taxes) while the Irish pe ople were dying from hunger and famine-related diseases. There was also strong sentiment in England that Ireland was responsible for its own troubles and that local resources had to be used for relief ("A Brief History of the Potato in Ireland", 2000). As a result of the errors of the British Colonial Policies, the Feeney family had to make a choice to counteract the effect that the potato famine. Amidst the farewell party, however, the family masked to some degree the distress of the parents, who do not want their children to leave even though the parents realize that the departure of their children is a financial necessity. The father retreated to the barn for a time to hide his feelings, while the mother, to keep from crying, immerses herself in serving food and similar party necessities: The people were dancing, laughing and singing with a certain forced and boisterous gaiety that failed to hide from them the real cause of their being there, dancing, singing and laughing. For the dance was on account of Patrick Feeney's two children, Mary and

Social Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Relations - Essay Example Many people tend to be aggressive for one reason or another. The result of one's character is highly characterized by roles one plays, and mutual interactions of motivation and the motion which lies at the heart of autonomy adaptation and social interaction in both biological and artificial agents (Kenny D, 1994). They also have a powerful and wide range in influence on many aspects of cognition and action even though one's role is often considered complimentary. This is concerned by external and internal factors involved in the establishment of one's behaviour where emotion is the core determiner of behaviour among the critical factors (Kenny D, 1994). Within societies, an individual learns not only on his own but also through interaction with other people surrounding him/her. This brings about the issue of social intelligence an essential tool in communication through conservations (Brown J, 1991). Social aggregation has a strong genetic basis where it is mainly as a result of environmental influences (Brown J, 1991). Specifically, teachers and peers indicate an extent to which a participating child exhibits social aggressive behaviors, such as trying to make others hate one another or the degree of influence to make others like one another, or saying bad things and spreading nasty rumours (Brown J, 1991). Empirical evidence for an effect of workplace psychological control on an individual is sometimes not visible but studies have shown that negative parenting behaviours such as lack of responsiveness and coercion are linked to one's ego (Perloff R, 2003). People who have socially aggressive friends tend to be aggressive themselves (Perloff R, 2003). This contributes to much social stratification where people tend to group themselves in terms of character and behaviour. This makes them share a habit in common. For workers today, the stress associated with trying to blend the responsibilities of paid work with responsibilities of family and personal life has become an increasingly visible issue (Perloff R, 2003). This is because more and more workers continue reporting on how their lives have become frenzy as they struggle with the unrelenting demands of work and personality (Perloff R, 2003). The significance of being free of bias brings about independence freedom of thought and democracy, where one is not intimidated (Kenny D, 1994). It creates integrative minds, where a person acts without being told, and thinks that he is right (Kenny D, 1994). There is an increasing demand for those who practice initiative because the reward is two fold, one it helps one improve his financial status and also develops strength in his/her personal attributes. In conclusion, social psychology principles plays a critical component in enabling individuals interact, as well as personal relationship. It creates the spirit of mutual interrelationship between people whereby, the participants share information, therefore enhancing clear understanding of our surroundings. Reference Brown, J. David. (1991). "Preprofessional Socialization and Identity Transformation: The Case of the Professional Experience". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography Perloff, R. M. (2003).

Public Law and Administration Assessed Problem Question Essay

Public Law and Administration Assessed Problem Question - Essay Example Introduction Section 71, Part 1 of the Children Act 1989, requires that every local authority should keep a register of all childminders, within the authority’s area (The National Archives, 2013). All childcares should register with a regulatory authority such as Ofsted. These childcares include childminders and nurseries (Islington, 2013, p, 3). In running childcares such as nurseries, welfare requirements should safeguarded through child protection, suitability of people through appropriate training, maintenance of health and ensuring suitability of premises, environment and equipment. These requirements were reinforced by the death of Peter Connelly in 2007, whereby steps had to be taken to protect children from harm (Macleod, Hart, Jeffes, & Wilkin, 2010). There are various types of childcares that operate in the UK. Childcare on domestic premises refers to a case when four or more persons take care of children in someone’s home while childcare on non-domestic homes is when a person /organisation provides care for children on non-private premises (Ofsted, 2013). These include nurseries and village halls that are built with the purpose of providing children with care and education. They can be private nurseries, pre-schools and voluntary nurseries. Childminders are people who provide childcare for one or more children (Ofsted, 2013). These children are normally aged between zero to five years and they are not related to the childminders, and the childminders undertake this activity in someone’s home, usually their own home, with the aim of a reward (Ofsted, 2013). This paper provides advice on the possible success of a judicial review application, bringing action in private law or seeking redress through alternative grievance resolution mechanisms involving four different cases. These cases involve Flowerpot Nursery, Lambkins Nursery, Kingdom Nursery and Elephant Nursery. Advice is provided in regards to The Nursery Registration Act 2013 , which gives local authorities a duty to register and inspect childcare services, revoke registration and licences of nurseries and award grants to Childcare providers. X (minors) v Bedfordshire County council a) Flowerpot Nursery The Flowerpot Nursery had its licence revoked by the local authority. Before, revocation of the nursery’s licence, there was a public hearing, which was chaired by the inspector who inspected the nursery and recommended revocation of the nursery & apos’s registration. The Flowerpot Nursery’s premises were pronounced unsafe for children because the equipment in the outdoor area had a serious health and safety risk to the children, according to the inspector. However, during the public hearing, The Flowerpot Nursery was not permitted to have legal representation. On the other hand, the local authority brought forward several expert witnesses to support the case for revocation, and owners of the Flowerpot Nursery did not get an opportuni ty to cross examine the expert witnesses. The Flowerpot Nursery has become insolvent due to the revocation of its licence. It should be noted that childcare centre’s buildings should comply with the Building Act, Building Regulations, London Buildings Act and the Department for Education (Islington, 2013, p, 10). Secondly, the local authori

The Effects of Mouthwash on Pea Seeds Germination Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Mouthwash on Pea Seeds Germination Essay Purpose: The purpose of the pea seeds germination lab is to determine whether pea seeds will sprout with the absence of a complete water solution and replaced by Listerine Mouthwash. Water is the most basic and useful, natural resources for all living things. Water is extremely responsible for carrying all life functions within the cell. Life cannot exist on earth without the presence of water. In this lab we will investigate to see if seeds can germinate with a substance which its inactive ingredient is water. Since seeds require water in order for its embryo to rise up, one may conclude that mouthwash which contains a small regiment of water molecules can indeed provide for the environment of seed germination. One concept that will also be determined is whether a dormant seed can sprout under a fairly good temperature, the right amount of oxygen, and a mouthwash solution. In this lab, the experiment will distinguish whether a seed would sprout meeting only some of its requirements. Another purpose that will be examined is the mutual effects of germinating seeds in mouthwash. The seeds’ tendency to respond to their environment will also be put into account. The discovery of how seeds will react in a water solution and a mouthwash solution (shape and color) will definitely be seen throughout the experimental lab. To determine how the seed may change its shape or its color there must be thorough evaluations made upon the seed’s appearance. HYPOTHESIS: After examining some of the key aspects in which seeds must adhere to in order to go through the process of germination one can state a proposed idea that seeds will not sprout within a Listerine Mouthwash solution. After acknowledging the fact that pea seeds are very specific in their type of environment that they need to germinate, there is no way in which the seeds will sprout in abnormal conditions. The act of germinating seeds in mouthwash will cause the seeds to remain or become dormant, the seed’s resting stage. In a more detailed description of why mouthwash would not be the best solution for the seed to absorb during the process of seed germination, is that the chemicals found in mouthwash like menthol, methyl salicylate, and etc. can cause harmful effects on the seed’s ability to sprout. These harsh chemical reactants can produce havoc within the cell’s interior. Mouthwash may also cause the endosperm to remain inside the seed which will make the seed very resistant to germinate. METHODS/PROCEDURES: In the beginning of the experiment, pea seeds were used in order to perform the experiment. It was extremely important to acquire good, dry, and viable seeds so the process of germination could occur. A handful of these healthy seeds worked best in assisting the experiment. The seeds ability to germinate was a vital information needed to determine the outcome of the experiment. The second step of the experiment was to soak the seeds in water overnight. This action was made to prepare the seeds for germination and making them more softer and less rigid. The seeds were placed in a bowl and were covered by tin foil. It was set up on the refrigerator to minimize any outside interference that may come to it. After a full night of absorbing the water, the seeds were ready to start the next stage. The third step that was taken was germinating the seeds. Two sets of paper towels were used to germinate the batch of seeds. The handful of seeds were split into two groups, one being the controlled group and the other being the experimental group. One of the paper towels were soaked in 3 tablespoons of water and the other was soaked in 3 tablespoons of Listerine Mouthwash. The amount of each solution remained the same in order to have a controlled experiment in which any changes that occurred in the dependent variable could be traced by only the independent variable. Having different measurements of quantity can affect the outcome. To make sure that a group of seeds did not have a difference in the amount of solution added, measuring them was very vital. The seeds that were labeled as the control treatments were placed on the towel soaked in H2O. The second batch of seeds labeled as the experimental group was placed on the towel soaked in mouthwash. Then, after that, the two towels with the seeds in it were folded and placed in separate zip-lock bags. The two zip lock bags sat on the dresser of my room for weeks. Having the seeds in a nice and warm temperature is better than, having them in an extreme temperature range that would hurt the seeds tremendously (seeds are very particular in the kind of environment they are in). In the first six days, the number of seeds that sprouted was accounted for in each bag. Another problem I accounted was knowing if all the seeds remained in the â€Å"seed sandwich†. Perhaps one seed could have dropped to the floor. To overcome this problem, I had to count and make sure that the amount of seeds were still there from the previous day. This was the entire procedure conducted. OBSERVATIONS/DATA: Throughout the six days of experimentation, the two batches of seeds were showing extremely different outcomes. Their response toward the water solution was different from their response toward the mouthwash solution. The seeds that germinated with water responded positively. The seeds germinated in Listerine Mouthwash responded negatively. On day 1, the seeds in a water solution sprouted. Little hypocotyl structures emerged from the seed coat, which showed signs of germination. About a centimeter long, 21out of 27 seeds germinated with their little, tiny structures sticking out. At the edge of the hypocotyl was a thin leafy structure known as the radicle. The seeds germinated rather quickly in just a day. Unfortunately, the seeds found in the mouth wash solution did not sprout at all and still held its green, brownish color. On day 2, the seeds’ stems grew longer. Their radicles extended a little longer like over 1 cm. This time, 24 out of 27 seeds germinated. The seeds in the mouthwash solution did not sprout at all. None of the seeds showed any signs of germination. One thing was quite weird during my last trial. Signs of shedding appeared in the seeds found in the mouthwash solution. One seed seem to be stripping its coat off. This observation showed up in only one of the trials, therefore it probably happened by chance. Both groups of seeds received nearly the same amount of that specific solution, which showed that the controlled group did not get a greater advantage over the other group. On day 3,the stems grew longer in the controlled group and the same outcomes remained in the experimental group. On days 4, 5, and 6, the seed grew accordingly. Their radicles became even longer with their bright green appearance. The seeds were fully germinated and ready to be put in the soil to germinate.

Rates of Reaction Experiment :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Rates of Reaction Experiment INTRODUCTION This experiment is called ‘rates of reaction’, I will be partaking in this experiment to find out what factors effect the ‘rate of reaction’ between magnesium (strips) and hydrochloric acid. Each time I repeat the experiment, I will be adding 0.5 moles of hydrochloric acid and recording the volume of gas given out during the testing and record the time it takes to give the reaction needed. A reaction is taken place within the experiment because there is a collision of particles in each element. When these two elements collide with each other they form a chemical reaction ( a change which is irreversible) we know this because a gas is given of too show a change, this is why we record the amount of gas given off to show when the reactions takes place and how big of a change it has made. WORD EQUATION: Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid à   à   Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen Acid CHEMICAL EQUATION Mg + 2HCl H2 + MgCl2 Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy, which the particles must have in order to react. There are five factors, which can make a difference to the rate of a reaction. *1* The surface of the element *2* Catalyst, the amount of the substance *3* The concentration of the element *4* Temperature, due the heat of the atmosphere *5* Pressure pronounced to the substance When a reaction takes place, the substances used are called reactants and the substances produced are called products. Because the amount of products being produced are increasing the number of reactants are or should be decreasing. To calculate if and how well products are increasing and reactants are decreasing we use a number of ways, we firstly find out how much of the reactant(s) is being used up and how much product(s) we are gaining from this in a set time. FORMULARS TO SOLVE THIS: *** How much reactant is being used up*** Amount of reactant being used up Reaction rate = Time taken ***How much product’s being produced in a set time*** Amount of product formed Reaction rate = Time taken A reaction can only take place when a successful collision is occurred, so for a reaction to take place two different elements have to concur with each other, this depends on the amount of atoms and energy in the two elements, this is called a successful collision. A chemical reaction can only take place when two different elements collide with each other. There are other methods to measure the rate (speed) of reaction. Precipitation: observe a marker through the solution and predict how long it takes to vanish. A change in mass: a mass balance can only be carried out during the

red river valley :: essays research papers

Red River Valley   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie â€Å"Red River Valley,† is a B-western that really portrays the way life was in the early 1900s. The music in the movie really set the moods, and gives you a better understanding of what’s going on. The song that opens up the movie has a fast tempo that is played what sounds like a trumpet. Then we are introduced to Gene Autry and his partner, Frog Millhouse. The two were tending cattle and seemed to be pretty skilled at it. Then Gene and his partner set out to help build a dam to bring water into the dry land. They will take on the task of being ditch guards at the dam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cowboy music in the movie starts when Gene and Frog walk into the town’s saloon. There is a band up on stage that is playing a fast tempo song. They are playing with a guitar, piano, harmonica, and other exotic looking instruments, like a bottle that the band member blows into. The men at the saloon are dancing, drinking, playing checkers, and seem to be having a good time. Then Gene and Frog leave the saloon and go to the dam. In the beginning of the scene, a fast pace song that is played with trumpets starts to play, which made me think that the scene would have a lot of action in it. The two men go to work on the dam, but Gene realized that they were set up, and there was dynamite that was about to explode. But he uses his quick wit, and they escape with no harm. After that the two men go back to the saloon to perform on stage. Gene Autry sings and plays the guitar very well up on stage. His voice has a baritone/high pitch sound to it, but he sounds like he has skill. Then after Gene, his partner Frog gets up on stage to perform. Frog uses the whole band and their many different instruments while he sung about his trusty forty-five. The duo was a crowd pleaser, and they left the saloon immediately after performing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then there is a scene with group of men walking and singing together with shovels. The men sing with a very deep, bass sounding tone. These men are the guys that are working to build the dam, and they are upset because they aren’t getting paid.

Hearts and Hands (O.Henry)

At Denver there was an influx of passengers into the coaches on the eastbound B. & M. express. In one coach there sat a very pretty young woman dressed in elegant taste and surrounded by all the luxurious comforts of an experienced traveler. Among the newcomers were two young men, one of handsome presence with a bold, frank countenance and manner; the other a ruffled, glum-faced person, heavily built and roughly dressed. The two were handcuffed together. As they passed down the aisle of the coach the only vacant seat offered was a reversed one facing the attractive young woman.Here the linked couple seated themselves. The young woman's glance fell upon them with a distant, swift disinterest; then with a lovely smile brightening her countenance and a tender pink tingeing her rounded cheeks, she held out a little gray-gloved hand. When she spoke her voice, full, sweet, and deliberate, proclaimed that its owner was accustomed to speak and be heard. â€Å"Well, Mr. Easton, if you will m ake me speak first, I suppose I must. Don't vou ever recognize old friends when you meet them in the West? â€Å"The younger man roused himself sharply at the sound of her voice, seemed to struggle with a slight embarrassment which he threw off instantly, and then clasped her fingers with his left hand. â€Å"It's Miss Fairchild,† he said, with a smile. â€Å"I'll ask you to excuse the other hand; â€Å"it's otherwise engaged just at present. † He slightly raised his right hand, bound at the wrist by the shining â€Å"bracelet† to the left one of his companion. The glad look in the girl's eyes slowly changed to a bewildered horror. The glow faded from her cheeks.Her lips parted in a vague, relaxing distress. Easton, with a little laugh, as if amused, was about to speak again when the other forestalled him. The glum-faced man had been watching the girl's countenance with veiled glances from his keen, shrewd eyes. â€Å"You'll excuse me for speaking, miss, but, I see you're acquainted with the marshall here. If you'll ask him to speak a word for me when we get to the pen he'll do it, and it'll make things easier for me there. He's taking me to Leavenworth prison. It's seven years for counterfeiting. â€Å"Oh! † said the girl, with a deep breath and returning color. â€Å"So that is what you are doing out here? A marshal! † â€Å"My dear Miss Fairchild,† said Easton, calmly, â€Å"I had to do something. Money has a way of taking wings unto itself, and you know it takes money to keep step with our crowd in Washington. I saw this opening in the West, and–well, a marshalship isn't quite as high a position as that of ambassador, but–† â€Å"The ambassador,† said the girl, warmly, â€Å"doesn't call any more. He needn't ever have done so. You ought to know that.And so now you are one of these dashing Western heroes, and you ride and shoot and go into all kinds of dangers. That's different from t he Washington life. You have been missed from the old crowd. † The girl's eyes, fascinated, went back, widening a little, to rest upon the glittering handcuffs. â€Å"Don't you worry about them, miss,† said the other man. â€Å"All marshals handcuff themselves to their prisoners to keep them from getting away. Mr. Easton knows his business. † â€Å"Will we see you again soon in Washington? † asked the girl. â€Å"Not soon, I think,† said Easton. My butterfly days are over, I fear. † â€Å"I love the West,† said the girl irrelevantly. Her eyes were shining softly. She looked away out the car window. She began to speak truly and simply without the gloss of style and manner: â€Å"Mamma and I spent the summer in Denver. She went home a week ago because father was slightly ill. I could live and be happy in the West. I think the air here agrees with me.Money isn't everything. But people always misunderstand things and remain stupid–à ¢â‚¬  â€Å"Say, Mr. Marshal,† growled the glum-faced man. This isn't quite fair. I'm needing a drink, and haven't had a smoke all day. Haven't you talked long enough? Take me in the smoker now, won't you? I'm half dead for a pipe. † The bound travelers rose to their feet, Easton with the same slow smile on his face. â€Å"I can't deny a petition for tobacco,† he said, lightly. â€Å"It's the one friend of the unfortunate. Good-bye, Miss Fairchild. Duty calls, you know. † He held out his hand for a farewell. â€Å"It's too bad you are not going East,† she said, reclothing herself with manner and style. But you must go on to Leavenworth, I suppose? † â€Å"Yes,† said Easton, â€Å"I must go on to Leavenworth. † The two men sidled down the aisle into the smoker. The two passengers in a seat near by had heard most of the conversation. Said one of them: â€Å"That marshal's a good sort of chap. Some of these Western fellows are all right. † â€Å"Pretty young to hold an office like that, isn't he? † asked the other. â€Å"Young! † exclaimed the first speaker, â€Å"Why–Oh! Didn't you catch on? Say–Did you ever know an officer to handcuff a prisoner to his right hand? â€Å"

Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LAC)

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Foreword Aggregate and cement concrete drama a critical function in the civil technology where the building of constructions both for domestic and commercial intent is dependent upon the quality and scientific features of the concrete used as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) [ 1 ] . This is apparent from the fact that concrete is used in many applications apart from structural applications including insularity, make fulling etc†¦ In this study a critical analysis on the lightweight sum concrete ( LAC ) is presented to the reader. The research will supply a comprehensive penetration on the scientific facets environing LAC and the demand for utilizing LAC in structural applications. 1.2: Purpose and Aims The purpose of this study is to show a critical analysis on the Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) and research on its structural applications and farther developments. The above purpose is achieved by encompassing the study on the undermentioned aimsTo carry on a comprehensive overview on the Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) by supplying the history, definitions and economic factors environing the applications and usage of LAC in civil constructions.To supply a critical overview on the production of cement and its belongingss in the visible radiation of LAC and its application in civil constructions.To show a scientific analysis on the belongingss of LAC utilizing different composing stuffs including both the mechanical and chemical belongingss.To look into on the ordinances refering to LAC and their effects on a specific composing of LAC in a given geographical part.To look into on the LAC production and usage in Greece.1.3: Research Scope The presence of concrete in civil technology is thorough in nature and therefore the research range is limited to the composing of the LAC and its application in civil construction applications. The cardinal facets of the LAC and its industry in Greece is besides included in the range of the research although a planetary research on the LAC industry and ordinances refering to LAC is out of range of this undertaking. The research range besides includes the probe of the general ordinances adhered in the Europe including the ACI-318 and design considerations in the visible radiation of Seismic Design. 1.4: Research methodological analysis The nature of the research is dependent on the analysis and findings environing the LAC which is used in civil constructions. Since constructing a civil construction is non portion of the undertaking due to be and resource restraints, the research methodological analysis is strictly dependent on qualitative analysis utilizing secondary research informations. The qualitative attack to research in instances of the technology analysis is advised as a dependable attack as the findings from the research on the secondary resources are already published therefore supplying a validated beginning of information for analysis. This is farther justified by John W. Creswell ( 2002 ) [ 2 ] . Hence the research methodological analysis in this study is qualitative research utilizing published resources including diaries, text books and scientific documents. The Internet is used as the chief hunt infinite for roll uping information to execute the qualitative analysis. 1.5: Chapter Overview Chapter 1: Introduction This is the current chapter where the reader is provided with a brief debut on the subject, research purpose and aims, range and methodological analysis. The chapter sets the phase for the overall research presented in the study. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal In this chapter a historic overview on the concrete and the usage of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) is presented to the reader. This is so followed by the definition of the LAC and its application in the civil structural applications from a historic position. The chapter is concluded with an overview on the economic factors and benefits realised through the usage of the LAC in the civil construction applications with illustrations. The economic overview besides throws visible radiation on the cardinal facets of LAC that benefit the overall concrete composing in structural applications every bit good as supply a elaborate reappraisal of the assorted LAC composings used in the yesteryear during the initial phases of LAC’s usage in the building industry. Chapter 3: Concrete Production This chapter presents a elaborate overview on the modern concrete production techniques and the development of the production techniques over the old ages. The two popular techniques used in the production viz. the rotary kiln and the sintering procedure with penetration on the fluctuations is presented to the reader in this chapter. Furthermore, the lightweight sum production and the cardinal production methods used in the commercial applications including the advantages associated are presented to the reader. Chapter 4: LAC – Properties, Regulations and composing analysis based on geographics. This chapter presents a critical analysis on the belongingss of LAC and the assorted combination of lightweight sum that is used in different classs of the building. The research throws visible radiation on the assorted composings of lightweight sum and their distinguishable characteristics that help accomplish the coveted benefits in a structural application. The chapter so presents a critical overview on the ordinances refering to the LAC followed by the composing analysis based on the stuffs that are available locally to a given geographical location. The chosen geographics for this research is Greece. Chapter 5: Decision This chapter reviews the aims of the research followed by supplying the decision to the study. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal 2.1: Historical overview Concrete, typically a mixture of sand, crushed rock and cement day of the months back to ancient history when ruddy calcium hydroxide was used as a cementing constituent in doing concrete ( Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra, 2002 ) . This makes it clear that the current mixtures of concrete have evolved over the historic periods to provide assorted technology demands with the developments in scientific discipline and the inventions in technology as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . A classical illustration for the development of concrete since the ancient history is the usage of concrete by Romans in 300 BC when they found that blending a pink sand-like stuff which was volcanic ash they obtained from Pozzuoli with their normal lime-based concretes resulted in a far stronger stuff. The history behind the usage of sum to do concrete mix day of the months back to every bit early as the early the Roman period when the Romans used advanced methods in fixing concrete mixes with different sum stuffs to accommodate the structural demands and strength. The classical illustrations for the above statement include the usage of lightweight sums as in the roof of the Pantheon, and embedded support in the signifier of bronze bars as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . The engineering in concrete utilizing different sums every bit good as accounting for thermic and other physical qualities of re-enforcing stuffs to do concrete mixes that provide the coveted strength is apparent throughout history although the industrial revolution and the addition in the technology and the function of steel in the 20Thursdaycentury have increased the invention every bit good as developments around the engineering of doing the right concrete mix. Concrete is non merely a critical component in the civil structural applications but besides a cardinal component in many other applications environing the building concern doing it one of the of import and most sought after merchandise in the technology concern itself as argued by Fu-Tung Cheng and Eric Olsen ( 2002 ) [ 3 ] . This is of course because of the fact that concrete is non merely a constituent in the building of civil constructions but besides a design ingredient in make up one's minding upon the strength, truss and other physical elements that govern the stableness of a given edifice. This is besides justified in the statements of Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . The definition of cement in technology footings refers to pulverize stuffs which develop strong adhesive qualities when combined with H2O. This makes it clear that the cementing action of volcanic ash that was used to do concrete by the Romans autumn under the cement. It is farther apparent that concrete is referred to as a composite edifice stuff made from the combination of sum and cement binder. From the above it is clear that the developments in the quality of cement and the innovation of Portland cement, gypsum plaster, etc†¦ have a direct influence on the development of the concrete engineering although the aggregative constituent of the concrete composing plays an every bit of import function in assorted mixes of concrete that serve a coveted intent as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . Another component of greater significance to the development of concrete engineering in the recent old ages every bit early as the 1900s is the development of concrete boats during the 2nd universe war where the lightweight sum concrete played a critical function in the design and building of the ships itself as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) [ 4 ] . It is besides interesting to observe that the importance of concrete has increased with the demand for refined and purpose specific concrete mixes where the function of concrete has been non merely to supply the structural support but besides the coveted strength at the needed physical conditions that is set in the given geographical location as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2002 ) . The growing of the expanded clay and shale industry since the morning of the 20Thursdaycentury and the developments during the Second World War when the lightweight sum concrete utilizing clay and shale was used to build the war ships marked the accelerated growing of the usage of lightweight aggregative concrete as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . 2.2: Definition of lightweight sum In order to specify the lightweight sum – the subject under research in this thesis, it is indispensable to show the basicss environing the lightweight sum. Hence this subdivision foremost presents a brief research on sum, its function in building as portion of the concrete mix and so travel towards the nucleus subject ( i.e. ) the definition of lightweight sum. Aggregate is the footings used to jointly mention to the ingredients in doing a concrete mix that gives strength and texture to the overall concrete composing made of sand, cement and sum as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . Aggregate is the composite stuff of the concrete that is aimed to defy compressive emphasis doing it clear that the size, strength and weight of the aggregative stuffs are critical constituents for the overall efficiency of the concrete to pull off the compressive emphasis as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The modern twenty-four hours concrete utilizations Portland cement as the cementing component and the sum that is held together by the cement and H2O to plan concrete for different grades of strengths, lastingness, heat & A ; sound insularity, and H2O stringency as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . This makes it clear that the sum is the critical constituent of the concrete that attributes to observe merely the strength and quality of the concrete but besides dictates the nature of the applications and the extent to which invention in technology can be taken to. The cardinal physical quality of the sum is the compressive strength that it can back up for a given composing. The lightweight sums that are researched in this study typically attribute to up to 80 lbs per square inch which is used chiefly applications that demand lightweight concrete by virtuousness of the placement or for the support, insularity etc. specific gravitation is another critical component in depicting the quality of sum as the specific gravitation off the substance is straight relative to its emphasis and squeezability factors as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . A typical combination and most popular in the building industry for the sum is the crushed rock and sand mix at different sizes and squeezability that are used in high demand building structural applications as argued by Glenn A. Black. Hence sum in concrete is defined as the constituent of concrete that attributes to the strength, lastingness, squeezability and insularity properties to back up the coveted building application. Lightweight Aggregate Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) says â€Å"The term â€Å" Lightweight Aggregate † describes a scope of particular usage sums that have an evident specific gravitation well below normal sand and crushed rock which were at one clip used in about all concrete† . From the above it is clear that the lightweight sum is one of the critical elements that makes concrete flexible and various to do the overall structural design and specifications as to run into the building demands as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . It is besides interesting to observe that the lightweight sum in the concrete that is made utilizing light weight stuffs besides provide an appreciable degree of squeezability every bit good as possess strength that can be defined based on the composing therefore doing it a versatile and cost effectual procedure in the production procedure itself. The scope of lightweight sum is extended in nature from highly light stuffs used for insularity and non-structural concrete all the manner to expanded clays and shales used for structural concrete. This makes it clear that the lightweight sum in the concrete is chiefly aimed to accomplish high degree of physical stableness and squeezability through efficaciously using the physical qualities of the aggregative stuffs. This is farther justified in the statements of Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) who argues that the lightweight sum in the concrete is a major measure towards invention in the field of technology itself. The strength and the air trapped in each single atom of the constituents of the aggregative stuffs are reciprocally relative to each other therefore doing it clear that in order to derive lightweight aggregate the sum of air trapped in the single atoms must be high therefore doing it clear that the strength of the concrete therefore obtained is low. The above relationship stated provides the counsel to guarantee the balance between the air trapped and the strength required in the concrete mix therefore doing the overall lightweight sum concrete customisable to run into the structural demands of the application on manus. Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Spectrum The concrete spectrum ensuing from the usage of the lightweight sum is highly diverse in nature runing from really lightweight sum concrete up to high strength sums dedicated for specific bespoke applications as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The ace lightweights scope of aggregative concrete that are derived from Vermiculite and Perlite are the capable of presenting weights every bit low as 15 to 20 lbs per three-dimensional pes therefore doing it clear the application of lightweight sums in the technology concern provides a diverse scope of applications for concrete. The natural sums, Pumice and Scoria for illustration can be used to do concrete deliberation at approximately 25 to 30 lbs per three-dimensional pes and extended every bit high as 65 lbs per three-dimensional pes as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . Furthermore, the usage of coal clinkers and expanded shale, clay and slate sums produced utilizing rotary kiln method can present weights in a varying scope from 75 to 120 lbs per three-dimensional pes. Another popular production method for this scope of sums includes the sintering where the weights are delivered typically runing from 90 to 120 lbs per three-dimensional pes. The high terminal applications of aggregative concrete include the production of sums capable of presenting weights up to 150 lbs per three-dimensional pes utilizing the air-cooled scoria sums and the hard-rock sums such as sand and crushed rock and crushed rock, which produce conventional concretes as mentioned by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . From the above it is clear that the sums that lie in the lower terminal of the weight that have lower compressive strength are used chiefly for insularity intents whilst those in the in-between spectrum are used for insularity and filling. The high terminal of the lightweight sum concrete spectrum are used in a broad scope of structural applications that demand high compressive strengths every bit good as efficient direction of weight as argued by Glenn A. Black. The concrete spectrum for the lightweight sum concrete is presented in the figure below Fig 1: Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Spectrum ( Beginning: Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) ,Lightweight Concrete history, Applications and Economics,Indiana University ) 2.3: Economicss environing lightweight Aggregate Concrete The cardinal facets of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete that attribute to the economical and structural benefits derived through the structural applications utilizing LAC include the undermentioned 2.3.1:Fire opposition– Resistance to fire is one of the critical elements that is expected in concrete to guarantee that the fire opposition and the structural stableness of the civil construction is maintained through the usage of aggregative concrete as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) [ 5 ] . The fire opposition of lightweight sum is higher compared to the typical concrete sum chiefly because of the fact that the aggregative stuffs composing the lightweight sum have lower thermic conduction, lower coefficient of thermic enlargement as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The fact that the aggregative stuffs possess built-in fire resistant belongingss is the cardinal component that is emphasised and strengthened in instance of the lightweight aggregates where the aforesaid heat opposition belongingss help accomplish higher fire opposition. It is besides interesting to observe that the built-in fire stableness of sum is high and in instance o f the lightweight sum it is at a heat of over 2000 grades Fahrenheit. As it is stated in the â€Å"ACI 216 â€Å" Standard Method for Determining fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies † , when slab thickness is determined by fire opposition and non by structural standards ( Goists, waffle slabs e.g. ) , the superior public presentation of lightweight concrete, will cut down the thickness of slabs ensuing in significantly lower concrete volumes† , ( John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm, 2006 ) . From the above it is clear that the fire opposition belongingss of the lightweight sum straight contributes to the overall structural stableness and the decrease in the volume occupied by the concrete in the structural applications. This justifies the various nature of the lightweight sum therefore enabling it to be used in advanced structural applications as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . 2.3.2: Service Life of the Structure– The service life of the construction is another critical component that is used as step of economic usage in instance of measuring the concrete and the aggregative efficiency against the capital invested as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) further provinces that the lastingness of lightweight sum is high and the life of the constructions constructed utilizing lightweight sum prove to hold higher life lastingness. The historical grounds to warrant the aforesaid include popular constructions likeThe Port of Cosa –built about 273 B.C. where the builders used lightweight concrete made out of natural volcanic stuffs,The Pantheonthat was finished in 27 B.C that incorporates concrete changing in denseness from underside to exceed of the dome and the most popular Amphitheater, built in 75 to 80 A.D. where the foundations were cast as lightweight concrete utilizing crushed volcanic lava as argued b y John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . From the above statements it is apparent that the lastingness of the constructions designed utilizing the lightweight concrete is extended in nature. Looking into the more modern illustrations to warrant the service life of the lightweight sum used in concrete for building include the lightweight concrete ships built by the American Emergency Fleet Corporation during the First World War. The compressive strengths of the concrete used were in the scope of 5000 pounds per square inch ( 35 MPa ) obtaining a unit weight of 110 lb/ftJ ( 1760 kg/mJ ) or less utilizing the rotary kiln produced expanded shale and clay sum as identified by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The service of these lightweight concrete boats during the universe wars and their subsequent in the merchandiser ships warrant the lastingness and service life of the lightweight sum used in concrete building applications. Furthermore, the fact that the higher degree of air trapped in the atoms make the submergence efficient in instance of the marine applications makes lightweight sum as a natural pick for the Marine applications although the usage of lightweig ht concrete extends to commercial structural applications in many Bridgess across the United States of America where the structural efficiency and stableness on Bridgess that were deemed unserviceable due to hapless burden bearing capablenesss was improved through the usage of lightweight aggregative concrete as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Furthermore, the critical component that attributes to the service life of the lightweight concrete is the heat opposition, opposition to environmental corrosion and its lightweight that reduces the burden on the construction doing its service life longer than the typical concrete applications. 2.3.3: Economic sustainability John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) argue that the structural applications in the modern yearss are judged against the cost, functionality, aesthetics or a combination of these as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This makes it clear that the costs associated with the building of the construction every bit good as the running costs associated with care, infinite and fix are the critical elements that attribute to the pick of a given concrete mix over another. The lightweight sum that is used in the LAC is higher in costs compared to the typical concrete mix as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This is of course because of the demand to bring forth the concrete mix utilizing stuffs of alone physical belongingss and the extent of research and development involved with the overall design of the building application. Alongside, the cost is treated as the cardinal component in instance of commercial execution of building applications preponderant ly because of the fact that the step on the returns in footings of return on investing is attributable when compared against the costs associated with the building of the construction. John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) say that although the capital involved with the building of lightweight constructions is high, the fact that the low care costs and costs associated with other back uping constructions during the buildings like the decrease in steel, girders and besides the decrease in the slab thickness will equilibrate the costs with the production of the LAC concrete mix itself. This farther justifies that the economic sustainability where the return on the investing and the optimal pick for building is accomplishable utilizing lightweight sum as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) The statements of Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) that the lightweight sum besides has the benefit of lower degree of care and negligible fixs associated due to its lastingness features farther justify that the effectivity of the lightweight sum in accomplishing economic sustainability is high. Hence the lightweight sum is extremely recommended in the building of critical structural applications like Bridgess and commercial edifice where the burden bearing is high and the infinite is a critical component to salvage costs. 2.3.3: Energy ingestion and energy nest eggs– The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive of the European Union is a classical illustration for the justification that the composing of the concrete and the belongingss of the constituents consisting the construction of constructing commercial and domestic contribute straight to the overall energy ingestion as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This is farther justified in the statements of Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) [ 6 ] where the writer has justified that the concrete mix and the design of the overall construction to accommodate the structural demands have a direct impact on the energy ingestion. Alongside, the heat immune belongingss of the lightweight sum and the ability to pin down higher sum of air within the atoms consisting the sum further do the lightweight sum to be able to run into the warming and chilling demands in a given construction as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . It is besides interesting t o observe that the energy public presentation efficiency in the edifice particularly in the West where a major part of the energy is used for heating intents justify that the concrete mix and the aggregative composing to do the concrete mix are critical for the successful energy nest eggs in the edifices as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The lastingness, stableness and other physical belongingss including the squeezability of an aggregative stuff property to the ability of the concrete used in the edifice to retain heat therefore cut downing the ingestion of energy for interior warming intents as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . It is besides a good known fact that the decrease in the concrete denseness increases the thermic opposition therefore doing it clear that the lightweight sum will increase the thermic opposition due to the lower specific gravitation of the aggregative composing that reduces the denseness of the concrete used in the building of the construction. A typical illustration is the concrete denseness of 90lb/cubic pes will hold a opposition ( R value ) of 0.26/inch whilst the R value for a denseness of 135lb/cubic pes is about 0.10/inc therefore doing it clear the energy efficiency is greatly increased through the usage of lightweight sums as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Chapter 3: Concrete Production 3.1: Overview The production of concrete mix utilizing the sum is achieved through the commixture of the sum, sand and cement with right sums of H2O to bring forth the concrete mix of the necessary strength. The concrete commixture is dependent upon the quality of the sum every bit good as the cement used to accomplish the coveted denseness, strength and squeezability of the concrete for the structural application. In this chapter a critical overview on the cement production followed by the production methods for lightweight sums is presented to the reader. 3.2: Cement Production The chief ingredient for the production of cement is limestone of changing chemical composings that are freely available in the preies as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The lime rock is processed and farther chemicals are added to derive the cement of the necessary strength and squeezability. The undermentioned explains the production procedure briefly The natural limestone of changing chemical combinations is foremost collected to fix the natural mix where the limestone is assorted with minerals of minerals incorporating Ca oxide, Si oxide, aluminum oxide, ferrous oxide, and Mg oxide. This mixture is prepared to a all right mixture which forms the natural mix for a typical Portland cement. This is so blended to organize the natural blend where the natural mix is formulated to a really tight chemical preparation to derive the coveted strength from the finished green goods of the cement as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The natural blending procedure is conducted in a manner where the comparative content of each oxide in the chemical composing is kept changeless throughout the production procedure in order to guarantee that the belongingss of the concluding merchandise is non altered. It is besides argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) really little alterations to the Ca content in the natural mix may take to big alterations in the ratio of alite to belite in the cinder, and to matching alterations in the cement ‘s strength-growth features ( Sarah Gaventa, 2006 ) . This makes it clear that the effectual control of the natural mix is critical for the production of consistent quality cement to run into the demands of the structural application. The following phase is the preparation of the cinder where the blend natural mixture is put through a complex chemical reaction procedure in a big cement kiln with temperature increasing over the length of the cylinder as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The concluding merchandise of the procedure is called cinder which is the concluding merchandise of the cement produced in the solid signifier at the coveted chemical combination. This is so put through a cement crunching procedure where the cinder that is produced is assorted with little sums of Ca sulfate to crunch the cement to the desired coarseness in order to back up the structural application. Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) further argues that the major constituents that decide on the strength and quality of cement include the undermentionedCinderGypsumLimestoneBlast Furnace SlagThe Blast Furnace Slag is one of the critical elements in lending to the stableness of the chemical reaction in the cement kiln as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . Another interesting component with the blast furnace scoria is the fact that the effectual usage of the scoria in the cement production procedure besides allows to command the specific gravitation of the cement when assorted with aggregative and H2O to organize concrete every bit good as the ability to make the coveted strength of the cement concrete through the right combination of limestone and gypsum. The schematic of the cement production procedure is presented in the fig 2 below. Fig 2: Cement production Schematic ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cimnat.com.lb/Production/Model.gif ) 3.3: Sum production The aggregative production is the following critical component in the lightweight concrete readying as the lightweight sum is one of the major elements that must be produced at a higher degree of preciseness in order to guarantee the coveted degree of strength and specific gravitation are achieved as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The rotary kiln method is a traditional method of production which is popular since 1946 as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The procedure of the production involves the application of heat to shale, clay and slate under controlled conditions. The conditions include the force per unit area and other features that trigger chemical reactions in order to accomplish the preferable specific gravitation and denseness of the sum constituent which is so land to the needed coarseness as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The sintering method every bit good as the rotary kiln method typically use the similar base natural stuff that comprise of a extremely silicious clay or shale that exhibits a bloating characteristic which is achieve through gas-forming minerals which release gas on exposure to the desired degree of heat as argued by Glenn B. Black ( 2004 ) . It is besides interesting to observe that the readying of the sum is dependent upon the extent to which the force per unit area and the external temperature is controlled that set the temperature-based chemical reactions as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) .