Analysis of Great Global Warming Swindle

The Great Global Warming Swindle (GGWS) is a controversial documentary on climate change by British television producer Martin Durkin1. It first aired on the BBCs channel 4 on March 8, 20072. This documentary argues against conventional scientific understanding of the degree and cause of recent, observed climate change. The overwhelming view amongst climate scientists is that twentieth century global warming is largely due to an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases resulting from increased industrialization during the last 100- 150 years.His program collides sharply with the premise outlined in former Vice President Al Gore’s Oscar-winning documentary, â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth,† which presents a bleak picture of how a buildup in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide affects the global climate, with potentially disastrous consequences. Durkin presents an alternative view that recent global warming is neither significant nor due to human activity.The documentary does not attempt to argue the latter view through any critical deconstruction of climate science orthodoxies. Rather, it contends that modern climate scientists are at best seriously misguided in their collective opinion on the nature and causes of global warming, or are at worst guilty of lying to the rest of the community. Publicity for the documentary leans heavily towards the latter, stating that global warming is â€Å"the biggest scam of modern times†.The documentary uses a series of techniques to shake the viewer’s belief in current orthodox understanding and to present an amenable contrary viewpoint. Several experts, labeled as ‘authoritative’, are interviewed to lend credibility to the documentary.These commentators are presented as ‘insiders’ who cast doubt on the integrity   of climate change science and the IPCC assessment process that has led to current orthodox understanding. Alternate scientific contentions are presented in a credible way by selectively presenting facts and heightening uncertainties without context or by specious reference to the actual published science. The motivation and morality of scientists driving current orthodox understanding is questioned through aspersions that are conspiratorial in nature.Many of the people that were interviewed did not have the proper credentials and were under qualified. For example, Patrick Moore is a Canadian Professor who has no training in climate science. He makes public statements in favor of genetic engineering and logging in the Amazon. In 1986 Moore had an altercation with Greenpeace and has since put most of his energies into undermining the arguments of environmentalists, particularly his former colleagues. His main claims involve the idea that environmentalists ‘treat humans as scum’.In the 1990s, Moore worked as a consultant for the British Columbian Timber Products Association, undermining the attempts of Greenpeace to preserve fo rests. Also various large corporations and companies paid many of the people that were interviewed off. Fred Singer is a retired Professor from the University of Virginia and has never had an article accepted for a peer reviewed scientific journal in the last 20 years. He has argued that CFCs do not cause Ozone Depletion. There are numerous scientific studies that disprove his ludacris assertion. In 1990, Singer founded ‘The Science and Environment Policy project’, which contradicts climate science and has received direct funding from Exxon, Shell, Unocal and ARCO 2000.Patrick Michaels is another such person interviewed in The Great Global Warming Swindle. He is one of the most prominent climate change skeptics in the US and made the claim (in the movie) â€Å"I’ve never been paid a nickel by the old and gas companies†. This is actually not true as according to journalist Ross Gebspan, Michaels has received direct funding from German Coal Mining Associatio n ($49,000), Edison Electric Institute ($15,000), and the Western Fuels Association ($63,000), which is one of the post powerful funders of Global Warming Skeptics in the US. However, one of the more credible people interviewed in the movie was Richard Lindzen.He is a meteorology professor at MIT and is known as one of the most reputable climate change skeptics in the US. Some of his most notable claims include those published in the Wall Street Journal in June 2011 maintaining that â€Å"there is no consensus, unanimous or otherwise, about long-term climate trends or what causes them†. Lindzen is known to charge oil and coal interests 2,500 USD a day for his consulting services and in 1991, he testified in front of a senate committee, after receiving funding from the company Western Fuels. He is a member of the  Advisory Council of the Annapolis Center for Science Based Public Policy which receives a large proportion of its funding from Exxon Mobil.In summary the documenta ry is not scientifically sound and presents a flawed and very misleading interpretation of the science. While giving the impression of being based on peer-reviewed science, much of the material presented is either out-of-date, already discredited or of uncertain origin. A number of the graphs and figures used in the documentary are not based on any known or published climate data, while others are presented schematically, and hence may confuse and mislead the viewer.The general arguments in the movie are; that climate change is a natural occurrence, that Global temperature actually dropped during the period of greatest anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, that carbon dioxide is not a significant greenhouse gas that the greenhouse effect isn’t being enhanced and that carbon dioxide concentration increases do not cause increased temperature. The format of the documentary itself is sound in that it shows the opinions of various source, the problem is that the interviews were taken out of context and visual imagery was often manipulated.The documentary attempts to support the claim that temperatures were higher in the recent past with the graph ‘Temp – 1000 Years’ – attributed to the â€Å"IPCC†. This graph purports to show global average temperature between AD 900 and â€Å"now†, with the highest values recorded between about 1100 and 1300 (labeled as â€Å"Medieval Warm Period†).The graph is actually reproduction of a schematic diagram published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its First Assessment Report in 1990 (Figure 2). It is important to note that this schematic is largely based upon early reconstructions of European temperature changes such as that of Lamb (1988). Critically, the 1990 IPCC Report cautioned, â€Å"it is still not clear whether all the fluctuations indicated were truly global†, and underlying the fact that neither regional temperature averages nor tem perature records from single locations can be used as proxies for global temperature.This 17 year-old graph has been superseded by numerous more recent studies, with the IPCC successively publishing updated records of â€Å"near global†Ã‚  temperature in its Second Assessment Report in 1995, its Third Assessment Report in 2001, and its Fourth Assessment Report in 2007. The most up-to- date figure for the Northern Hemisphere, from IPCC (2007), is reproduced in Figure 3, which shows 12 different reconstructions. These consistently show that, for the Northern Hemisphere, the past century is exceptionally warm, and that the warmth of recent decades clearly exceeds that of the Medieval Warm Period in all cases.The United States National Academies published a report in 2006 (NAS 2006) that reviewed the published scientific evidence on surface temperature reconstructions for the last 2000 years. It found that â€Å"evidence for regional warmth during medieval times [centered around AD 1000] can be found in a diverse but more limited set of records including ice cores, tree rings, marine sediments, and historical sources from Europe and Asia, but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain†.Based on a review of the scientific literature, the report concluded â€Å"none of the large-scale surface temperature reconstructions show medieval temperatures as warm as the last few decades of the 20th century.† Very clearly, the documentary has misrepresented the early IPCC figure, and ignored all IPCC updates to this figure. The analyses published by the IPCC strongly contradict the documentary. Another such scientific inaccuracy is the claim that the rising temperatures of the planet stared to plateau around 1940 and then didn’t continue to rise again until 1970, and therefore that this represents evidence that human activities don’t influence the climate.This is clearly a tactic employed by the movie’s makers and interviewees to manipulate the audience as the logic behind this is very flawed. The years leading up to and during the second World War were a time of great industrialization for many countries in the northern hemisphere (which contains a majority of the Earth’s landmass), causing large amounts of carbon dioxide to be pumped into the atmosphere. This industrialization also created a large amount of pollutants that stayed in the lower atmosphere which reflect incoming sunlight back into space, thereby causing temporary cooling.These lower level pollutants, including sulphate aerosols only have residency times of a few months (as opposed to about 100 years for  C02) and therefore warming resumes (refer to figure 1 in appendix). The current data from the IPCC shows that since then, the temperature has been increasing faster than it has in the last 10,000 years17. While there were clearly many attempts at manipulations and scientific errors in the Global Warming Swindle, there were a few valid points that were made. The argument that Global warming is (in some cases) being used in such a way that keeps developing countries from the rapid development needed to create better standards of living for the general population in a valid one.It is very simple for the theory to be used in a way that makes actions such as preventing the use of fossil fuels in developing countries seem valid, despite the fact that this often a necessary step in the development process. Developed countries currently emit a vast majority of global greenhouse emissions and the media frequently depicts countries such as China and India as the colloquially termed ‘bad guys’ because they refuse to maintain the necessary reductions in greenhouse emissions. The movie showed a short clip of an interview in a hospital in a rural area of an developing countries where the power from a solar p anel was clearly not enough to power the hospital. Such instances are common in rural areas of Africa where NGOs, in an attempt to reduce Global emissions, install inappropriate technologies.The movie is also has a sound format in that it is in documentary ‘style’ (disregarding the validity of the points presented), and it shows clips from various different scientists and Climate skeptics in different fields. Climate change Skeptic Bjorn Lomborg has been criticized for using very few researchers belonging to a very narrow spectrum of fields to validate his claims18. In comparison, The Global Warming Swindle has presented a decent number of sources and ‘experts’. The general format was also such that it intertwined interviews, narration and visual aids. This method is quite effective in maintaining the interest of the audience throughout the movie.The inaccuracies presented in Al Gore’s ‘An Inconvenient Truth’ needed to be responded to an d the general idea of creating a documentary to address this issue was a good one. Al Gore only barely presented the other side of the argument and there are some very valid cases relating to the fact that Global Warming may not have anthropogenic causes. In fact, if the Global Warming Swindle is correct in its assertion that Global warming isn’t manmade then there really isn’t much  that can be done and our resources really would be better spent elsewhere and any real action would mean convincing every nation on Earth to cut down on fuel emissions-which data suggests, is unlikely.Despite these valid points, arguments can be made to the contrary, especially with consideration to their presentation and the omission of certain information. The Global Warming Swindle implies that there are official expectations for developing countries to cut emissions by the same amount as developed countries. This isn’t true. The Kyoto protocol explicitly stated that there was nothing expected from developing countries in this regard.This was yet another attempt to manipulate the audience into believing the producer’s agenda. The inclusion of this fact may have made the movie seem a little more credible and balanced but this information is omitted. For the most part, it is now understood that economic development has to go hand in hand with climate policy. There is currently no legitimate environmental movement that says that the worlds less developed should have their access to energy restricted. There is also a very valid argument to the effect that sustainable development is a possible route towards economic development.Regardless, even if sustainable development doesn’t occur, the use of fossil fuels for development in developing countries wouldn’t have a significant effect on the environment. Costs estimate that the upper bound for the annual cost of emissions reductions consistent with the stabilization of CO2 levels would equal about 1% of the world’s GDP by 205020. This shows that, despite the cost, continual development is possible and that these actions will prevent the possible occurrence of Global Warming related phenomena that could have a detrimental effect to global development. The issue about how scientists now use the theory of manmade global warming to fund their research is completely true. On the other hand, this is not a new phenomenon.In order to prove or disprove a theory, scientists need to find sources of funding for their research. Obviously using arguably the most in ‘vogue’ scientific issue of our time is an easy way to get funding. Before the theory of Global Warming was being researched, scientists still had to present their research and find modes of funding. Therefore using this as a way to argue that Global Warming isn’t the result of anthropogenic greenhouse gases seems a weak argument that is rather off topic.The Great Global Warming Swindle does not represent the current state of knowledge in climate science. Skepticism in science is a healthy thing, and the presence of orthodox scientific skepticism in climate change is ubiquitous. Many of the hypotheses presented in the Great Global Warming Swindle have been considered and rejected by due scientific process. This documentary is far from an objective, critical examination of climate science. Instead the Great Global Warming Swindle goes to great lengths to present outdated, incorrect or ambiguous data in such a way as to grossly distort the true understanding of climate change science, and to support a set of extremely controversial views.

Satisfaction of Students Towards the Academic Library Facilities

1. 0 INTRODUCTION This section will discuss the background of the study, the statement of the problem, research question, research objective, methods used and the limitations of the research. 2. 1 Background Academic library is an important asset at Higher Level Institution because the library complements the need of students at Higher Level Institution. Malaysia nowadays encourages the citizen to pursue reading culture to gain more knowledge and information. University Technology Mara of Segamat, Johor have a high technology of library known as PERPUSTAKKAN TUN DR ISMAIL (PTDI).As at PTDI, there are many facilities provided by the management in order to support students to get easier to get information. According to Longman Dictionary Contemporary English third edition, library refers to a room or building containing books that can be looked at or borrowed. A library is a collection of sources, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books.In Malaysia, library already been implemented since years 1956 which first be established of Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. This library has been getting the permission by Public Library Services for the Federation of Malaya. This library has been getting the permission by Public Library Services for the Federation of Malaya. The significance of library is depends on the usage by the uses which is for education or just for entertainment to fill up the free time. The people are really like to spends time for reading will be request that the library is the most of peaceful place on earth and with the full of knowledge.Here are some points to highlight the important of library. Firstly it is inculcating the reading habits among children, teenagers and also adult. This is because library is the place for getting the new information otherwise to incr ease the knowledge not only for external usage but also internal understanding. Library is a place for learning experience especially for the children. By having a lots of type of book its can attract the children to continuing reading and the extensive genre of children’s literature is an essential part of the growing up process. Library is not only for students, users and lecturers only.Library also essential for community to be the mechanism to gain more information and resources of knowledge to be the knowledgeable citizen. Three main types of library described by The Indexer (2008) are public libraries, academic libraries and special libraries. In this report, we would like to ascertain the satisfaction of library usage in UiTM Segamat towards the academic library facilities. We can measure based on the satisfaction of the user based on the different perspective and dimension. 2. 2 Problem Statement PERPUSTAKKAN TUN DR ISMAIL tends to be the leader of source of any infor mation.In achieving their target to they have to improve their customer satisfaction on facilities provided. Refer to the Mohammad A. Hassanain and Ali A. Mudhei (2006) the main purpose of conducting the assessment was to determine whether or not design decisions made by design professionals are providing the performance needed by users who use the facility. In UiTM Segamat, there are problems where space for students to reading is insufficient, lack of control for photocopier and printing machines, no twenty four hours room for staying up, no safety place for bags storage, and inadequate of toilets provided.The necessity on library to provide quality services is critical, based on their role to support university core business that is to produce great graduate which is needed by industry. The question is; did student obtain the quality that they must get? Other than that, what is their perception on library quality services provides as an important academic facility based on types of services? Is it low or more than their perception? Another thing, what is their satisfaction level on services quality at PTDI? 2. 3 Research Question 1. 3. 1How to determine the level of effectiveness facility in library? . 3. 2What are the stages of the students perception on services facility provided? 1. 3. 3What are needed to improve in term of element facility in library? 2. 4 Research Objective 1. 4. 1To determine the level of effectiveness facility in library 1. 4. 2To identify the student perception on services facility provided 1. 4. 3To measure what are need to improve in term of element facility in library 1. 5 Methodology In order to gather all the information, we are only distributing questionnaire and making interview in completing our research. . 5. 1 Questionnaires We had distributed around 60 sheets of questionnaire which were given to the UiTM Segamat students especially from Degree students. By using this method we can get all the information. 1. 5. 2 Discussi on Apart from that, we were also using the discussion method to seek for the information about this matter. 1. 5 Limitation of Study In order to proceed with this research, we will face with some of limitations : 1. 6. 3 Questionnaires We distribute 60 copies of questionnaires but somehow we just get 50 copies in return.Students do not have enough time to give cooperation to us to answer the questionnaires. Students also do not give a full of concentration during answer the questionnaires. 1. 6. 4 Data Analysis It is hard for us construct the data analysis such as the pie chart and the bar chart. 2. 0DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS In this section, we analyzing all the data and the finding will be report and will commence with level of effectiveness facility in library and we are using one of the types of data analysis which is descriptive analysis. This section will present the findings from the various resources that were used.The findings are divided into five section, which are demog raphic, level of satisfaction on library facilities, details of dissatisfaction towards library facilities provided, the elements that need to be improved and suggestion. In this research paper, we found the result of this research regarding satisfaction of students towards the academic library facilities in PERPUSTAKKAN TUN DR ISMAIL. The dimension is only focusing on facilities only instead of services provided. Student’s perception is different each other and we conclude all the data analysis data using SPSS. 2. 1Data analysis using SPSS 2. 1. Section 1 : Demographic Figure 1 : Pie chart for gender Gender| Frequency| Male| 21| Female| 29| TOTAL| 50| Table 1 : Table for frequency of gender Data show that 42 percent of total number of students replied the questionnaire is male students and the rest about 58 percent is female. Female student responds more rather than male student for this survey Figure 2 : Pie chart for Age Age| Frequency| 21-25| 44| 26-30| 6| TOTAL| 50| Tabl e 2 : Table for frequency of age From the pie chart above, we can conclude that 88 percent of students who respond on this survey were at the range of age between 21 until 20 years old.Where the 12 percent left are for those respondents are that range of age between 26 until 30 years old. Figure 3 : Pie chart for status Status| Frequency| Single| 50| Married| 0| TOTAL| 50| Table 3 : Table for frequency of status Total 100 percent of the respondents are still single and not married yet. This is because there is only a little number of students that already. That is why the status of respondent is mainly single. Figure 4 : Pie chart for course Course| Frequency| Marketing| 10| Finance| 20| Islamic Banking| 10| Accounting| 10| TOTAL| 50| Table 4 : Table for frequency of courseFrom the pie chart and frequency table, we can describe that 20 percent are those for students from Marketing, 40 percent from Finance, 20 percent from Islamic Banking and other 20 percent of respondent is from Ac counting students. Figure 5 : Pie chart for part of students Part| Frequency| 1| 6| 3| 5| 4| 26| 5| 13| TOTAL| 50| Table 5 : Table for frequency of part Respondent are 12 percent come from the part 1, 10 percent part 3, 52 percent part 4 and other 26 percent from part 5. 2. 1. 2Section 2 : Level of satisfaction on library facilities Figure 6 : Bar chart for satisfaction of students Level| Frequency| Percent %|Very satisfied| 10| 20| Somewhat Satisfied| 25| 50| Dissatisfied| 15| 30| Very Dissatisfied| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 6 : Table for frequency of satisfaction of students 20% of the respondents are very satisfied with the facilities in library. 50% of respondent are somewhat satisfied with the facilities and 30% of the respondents are neutral. There is no number of students not satisfied with facilities in library in UiTM Segamat. Figure 7 : Bar chart for reference book Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 10| 20| Somewhat Satisfied| 28| 56| Dissatisfied| 12| 24| Very Dissatisfied| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100|Table 7 : Table for frequency of reference book 20 percent of the respondents are very satisfied with the book provided by the library. 56 percent are somewhat satisfied and dissatisfied is about 24 percent. There is no very dissatisfaction of responding regarding the book. Figure 8 : Bar chart for library space Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 5| 10| Somewhat Satisfied| 25| 50| Dissatisfied| 20| 40| Very Dissatisfied| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 8 : Table for frequency of library space Based on data above, there are 10 percent of respondents are very satisfied with the space of library environment provided.They think the space can make the comfortable to study and reading. 50 percent of respondent are somewhat satisfied and 40 percent of respondents are dissatisfied. There is no very dissatisfaction regarding the space of library. Figure 9 : Bar chart for discussion room Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 5| 10| Somewhat Sat isfied| 30| 60| Dissatisfied| 14| 28| Very Dissatisfied| 1| 2| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 9 : Table for frequency of discussion room 10 percent of the respondents are very satisfied with the discussion room availability. They think that the room are really suitable for manage group discussion. 0 percent of respondents are somewhat satisfied and 28 percent are dissatisfied. There is 2 percent of respondents are very dissatisfied with the discussion room. Figure 10 : Bar chart for the time period of 12 hours room Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 8| 16| Somewhat Satisfied| 23| 46| Dissatisfied| 13| 26| Very Dissatisfied| 6| 12| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 10 : Table for frequency of the time period of 12 hours room Statistic shown that 16 percent are very satisfied with the time period of 12 hours room are really convenience. 46 percent of respondent are somewhat satisfied, 26 percent are dissatisfied.Unfortunately, there is 12 percent of respondent are very dissatisfied with the time . Figure 11 : Bar chart for printing and photocopy services Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 8| 16| Somewhat Satisfied| 23| 46| Dissatisfied| 13| 26| Very Dissatisfied| 6| 12| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 11 : Table for frequency of printing and photocopy services 16 percent of respondents are very satisfied with the services of printing and photocopy that provided by library. 46 percent are somewhat satisfied, 26 percent are dissatisfied and 12 percent of respondents are very dissatisfied about the services.Figure 12 : Bar chart for satisfaction of toilet condition Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 8| 16| Somewhat Satisfied| 25| 50| Dissatisfied| 12| 24| Very Dissatisfied| 5| 10| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 12 : Table for frequency of satisfaction towards toilets condition 16 percent of the respondents are very satisfied with the condition of toilet. They think the condition is on the good manner. 50 percent are somewhat satisfied, 24 percent are dissatisfied and other 10 percent are very dissatisfied. Figure 13 : Bar chart for the function of CCTV Level| Frequency| Percent %|Very satisfied| 8| 16| Somewhat Satisfied| 25| 50| Dissatisfied| 17| 34| Very Dissatisfied| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 13 : Table for frequency the function of CCTV 16 percent of the respondents are very satisfied with the function of CCTV in the library, 50 percent are somewhat satisfied and 34 percent are dissatisfied. There is no very dissatisfaction for CCTV usage. Figure 14 : Bar chart for safety of the bag shelf Level| Frequency| Percent %| Very satisfied| 0| 0| Somewhat Satisfied| 10| 20| Dissatisfied| 25| 50| Very Dissatisfied| 15| 30| TOTAL| 50| 100|Table 14 : Table for frequency satisfaction safety of bang shelf There is no respondents are very satisfied with the safety of bag shelf that provided by library, 20 percent are somewhat satisfied, 50 percent dissatisfied and other 30 percent are very dissatisfied. 2. 1. 3Section 3 : Details of Dissatisfaction Towards Libr ary Facilities Provided Figure 15 : Bar chart for satisfaction of reference books Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 3| 6| Agree| 30| 60| Slightly Disagree| 15| 30| Disagree| 12| 24| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 15 : Table for frequency of satisfaction sources of reference books percent of the respondents are strongly agree with the reference books are not suitable with the requirement of the study. 60 percent are agreed, 30 percent are slightly disagreeing and other 24 percent disagree. Figure 16 : Bar chart for the satisfaction of arrangement of single table Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 0| 0| Agree| 8| 16| Slightly Disagree| 32| 64| Disagree| 10| 20| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 16 : Table for frequency of satisfaction of arrangement of single table 16 percent of the students are agreeing that the arrangements of the single tables in the library are not suitable for revision. 4 percent slightly disagree and other 20 percent are disagreeing. Figure 17 : Bar chart for th e time period for usage of study rooms Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 9| 18| Agree| 18| 36| Slightly Disagree| 20| 40| Disagree| 3| 6| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 17 : Table for frequency of the time period for usage of study rooms 18 percent of the respondents are strongly agree with the 12 hours time period for usage of study room is insufficient, 36 percent are agree, 40 percent slightly disagree and other 6 percent are disagree. Figure 18 : Bar chart for the toilet satisfaction Level| Frequency| Percent %|Strongly Agree| 2| 4| Agree| 32| 64| Slightly Disagree| 8| 16| Disagree| 8| 16| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 18 : Table for the frequency of the satisfaction of toilets 4 percent of the student strongly agree with toilet are always under maintenances services, 64 percent agree and 16 percent respondent slightly disagree and disagree with the maintenance of the toilets. Figure 19 : Bar Chart for the printing and photocopy Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 10| 20| Agr ee| 15| 30| Slightly Disagree| 6| 12| Disagree| 19| 38| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 19 : Table for the frequency of printing and photocopy 0 percent of the respondent are strongly agree that the number printing and photocopy machine are insufficient, 30 percent agree, 12 percent slightly disagree and other 38 percent disagree. Figure 20 : bar chart for place of the bag shelves Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 21| 42| Agree| 20| 40| Slightly Disagree| 9| 18| Disagree| 0| 0| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 20 : Table for the frequency of the bag shelves 42 percent of the respondents are strongly agree with the safety shelves lack in security and safety, 40 percent agree and other 18 percent slightly disagree.Figure 21 : Bar chart for the electricity points Level| Frequency| Percent %| Strongly Agree| 12| 24| Agree| 25| 50| Slightly Disagree| 5| 10| Disagree| 8| 16| TOTAL| 50| 100| Table 21 : Table for the frequency of the electricity points 24 percent of the respondents are strongly agree that the number of electricity points in the library are not enough based on the usage of students towards it. 50 percent agree, 10 percent slightly disagree and other 16 percent are disagree. 2. 1. 4Section 4 : The Elements That Need to be Improved Figure 22 : Pie Chart for upgrading chairs Gender| Frequency|Yes| 20| No| 30| TOTAL| 50| Table 22 : Table for frequency of upgrading chairs 60 percent of the respondents are agreeing that the library should add more chairs and table availability, 40 percent of respondents are not agreeing. Figure 23 : Pie chart for the additional electricity points Gender| Frequency| Yes| 33| No| 17| TOTAL| 50| Table 23 : Table for the frequency of the additional electricity points 66 percent of the respondents are agreeing to add more the electricity points at the library because it is not sufficient. 34 percent are not agreeing to add electricity points.Figure 24 : Pie chart for the space available for 12 hours room Gender| Frequency| Yes| 37| No| 13| TOTAL| 50| Table 24 : Table for the frequency of the space available for 12 hours room Data above show that 74 percent from the respondent agree that the library should provide more space available for 12 hours room and other 26 percent not agree. Figure 25 : Pie chart for the toilet condition Gender| Frequency| Yes| 18| No| 32| TOTAL| 50| Table 25 : Table for the frequency of toilet condition 18 percent of the respondent agreeing that the toilet should be improve and other 64 percent said that the toilet in good condition.Figure 26 : Pie chart for safety bag shelves Gender| Frequency| Yes| 48| No| 4| TOTAL| 50| Table 26 : Table for the frequency of the safety bag shelves 96 percent of the respondent agreeing that the safety bag shelves should be improves and other 8 percent are disagreeing. Figure 27 : Bar chart for the improvement of CCTV Gender| Frequency| Yes| 20| No| 30| TOTAL| 50| Table 27 : Table for the frequency of improvement CCTV 40 percent of the respondents are agreein g to improve the use of CCTV in the library. 60 percent of them are disagreeing to improve because they think the facilities are accurateFigure 28 : Pie chart for the photocopy machines and printers Gender| Frequency| Yes| 44| No| 6| TOTAL| 50| Table 28 : Table for the frequency of the photocopy machines and printers 88 percent of the respondents are agreeing the photocopy machine and printers should be improved and 12 percent are disagreeing. 2. 1Discussion Based on the data analysis and the finding, we also include all the opinion of the respondents as for their feedback regarding the questionnaire researching about the level of satisfaction towards library facilities.After doing this research, we found that some students are not satisfied with the library facilities. They want more such as want more space area in library, asking UITM management to improve the wireless in the library, put more computer as the students are many, increase the student safety things, improvement of th e toilet also, and they prefer want have a good network during office hours. All these opinions from their feedback show us that there’s more action needs to take place for achieved the level of satisfaction towards library facilities.In order to improve more the services in library, all the facilities provided are playing the role. It is because without the good facilities, how the library wants to offer a good service? Which mean the facilities are related with the services that the library offer. Some of the respondents are giving a good feedback but some are not. They believe that all the library facilities are need to be improve more in order to attract more student’s to come the library. It is because some student’s doesn’t like to come to the library because not satisfied with the facilities were provided.They feel uncomfortable and sometimes they felt that they prefer want study at room or their own places. 3. 0CONCLUSION Based on the data analysi s and findings, we discover that the level of satisfaction towards library facilities are not achieved a good level. Some of the respondents are giving a good feedback but some are not. They believe that all the library facilities are need to be improve more in order to attract more student’s to come the library. It is because some student’s doesn’t like to come to the library because not satisfied with the facilities were provided.They feel uncomfortable and sometimes they felt that they prefer want study at room or their own places. 4. 0RECOMENDATIONS Refer to the our research, we have been implemented to search what the elements or factors that need to be improve in term of the facilities at the PERPUSTAKAAN TUN DR ISMAIL. What we have been look into at this library, the things that need to seriously improvise are increase the availability of the chairs and table. This is because, the chairs and tables for the student to study are not supported with the numbe rs of student in the UiTM.Most of the student need to wait for their turn to study or to get resources, this is because the there has no place for them to sit while getting the information needed. So, by this the management needs to provide more chairs and tables for make any back up if there a lot number of students want to study at the library. Other than that, the facilities that need to be improve is on the providing additional number if plug accessibility. Based on what we see, most of the student will bring along their laptop to study at libraries.This is because of the wireless system are provided and easy for them to get through of information or data during the study session. But the problems occur when the availability of plug are limited and they have to get turn to using the plug for charging their battery. Some of the students are like to spend their time in library for making assignment, research or to get information in library. So with the limited number of plug it b ecome as a barriers to them for staying at the library for the long period of time. Moreover, the elements that need to improvise are provides more space for 12hours room.The availability of that room now, it cannot be vital with the student requirement. This is because, they need more space for study in that particular room. With the limited space which only can provide for less than 30 persons in that room makes the study for environment are not comfortable otherwise the space are very small and it is not suitable. So, the management needs to make up the space to become more relevant and also can support more students to using that room more effectively. Other than that, the management of library needs to manage the toilet condition.This is because, when the students want to use the toilet, they need to go down stairs and go to the toilet at the entrance of PTDI library. This is because, toilet which in the library is always under the maintenance and it is not properly for the acc essibility of toilet is not capable with not only for the student but also for the other users that come to our library. Therefore, increase in safety of beg shelf. At PTDI the safety of the bag are under the obligation of the students itself, but the place stated for the beg shelf are not suitable this is because it is located outside from the library and there is no lock provided.Although, the safety of the bag under the students itself, the librarian have to provide a proper place for the beg shelf in the meanwhile it can reduce of the pilferage cases. Next is improvement on using the closed-circuit television (CCTV). By having this system, the cases of lost of books, vandalism, students bad attitude and so on can be reducing although it cannot be fully eliminate. Otherwise is providing the room for pray. As we know, majority of the students in UiTM is the Muslim students, it is necessary for providing the space for praying. Moreover is, prerequisite more on photocopy machine and printer availability.What we have been look that, the photocopy machine are always cannot be used because of the breakdown and the machine are only two been provided. So, the management needs to provide more machines for the usage of students and its same goes to printer services. References Longman dictionary of contemporary English (4th edt. ). (2003). Harlow, England: Longman Ruin, J. E. (2008). Business planning and report writing. Petaling Jaya: Leeds Publications. Choo, A. F. W & Onn, C. T. (2012). Easy steps to report writing new revised edition. Marshall Lavendish (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd. Appendix

Foucault's Discipline and punish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foucault's Discipline and punish - Essay Example an organic group of individuals who have supposedly internalized a set of society (or community) acknowledged norms, rules, regulations and values through other disciplinary organizations (Erlandson 21). ‘Body’ occupies a crucial part in Foucault’s social disciplinary theory. Since punishment cannot be non-corporal, the goal of modern punishment system should be to produce ‘docile body’ through continuous regulation and supervision. A ‘docile body’ is supposed to be dominated by an individual’s soul. So, modern penal system must focus on the reform of the individual’s soul. For Foucault, ‘soul’ is an individual’s psychic mechanism which regulates the actions and behaviors of the ‘body’ in response to and in accordance with the demands of the existing political power or the regime of power and knowledge (Foucault, â€Å"Power/Knowledge†, 18). Since ‘body’ is the subject of â€Å"political technology†, modern society is endowed with a penal system which helps the body or the individual to create or reprogrammed a soul which, internalizing the fear of punishment, overpowers a docile body. For Foucault, the internalized prison is much stronger than the one, built of concrete. Foucault’s â€Å"Discipline and Punishment† is, indeed, dedicated to explaining the modern penal system. Referring to the public corporal execution and punishment of the delinquents on the scaffold during ancient and medieval ages, Foucault argues that punishment was not only judicial but also political. Punishment as a political ritual was aimed to let the public body internalize the fear of the King or political authority as the authority of the individual’s body. According to him, the focus of punishment, as a more generalized form ‘Discipline’, shifted from ‘body’ to ‘soul’ during the Reform Movement in Europe. Through social disciplinary institutions, people were supposed to internalize the panoptic presence of power. During the modern age, â€Å"The

Leo Tolstoy and Kurosawa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leo Tolstoy and Kurosawa - Essay Example The movie revolves around the protagonist’s enlightenment and passion towards life. Both the works (novel and movie), deal with the same theme, but differs in treatment. Thesis statement: The novel The death of Ivan Ilyich by Leo Tolstoy and the movie Ikiru by Akira Kurosawa are two sides of the same coin, fear of death and passion towards life. Compare and contrast The techniques used by Kurosawa in the film Ikuru which differentiates his work form Tolstoy In the film Ikiru, Kurosawa made use of a number of techniques like flash backs and narrative ellipse which differentiates his work from Tolstoy. Yoshimoto makes clear that â€Å"Second, the film presents this story in a complex narrative structure created by flash backs, voice-over narration, and narrative ellipses† (194). Apart from Ivan Ilyich, Watanabe does not try to keep himself aloof from his personal life. When Watanabe came to know that he is going to die due to cancer, he did not try to retrieve from the pr ocess of socialization. Instead, he decides to change his attitude towards life and to enjoy the remaining days. The director made use of the protagonist’s mind and deeds as a mirror which reflects his feeling and emotions. Besides, the protagonist’s enlightenment or self-realization is not a gradual process. ... The element of enlightenment in Ivan Ilyich and Watanabe The enlightenment or self-realization acquired by Ivan Ilyich does not help him to accept his illness. Instead, he considers the truth about life as a wrath exerted upon his life. He was not ready to give up his life. This affected his emotional equilibrium and his remaining days were painful. This negative feeling began to affect his relationship with his family members. Gradually, his anger towards his illness transformed into anger towards others including his co-workers and others. This negative attitude towards life and death did not help him to enjoy his remaining days in his life. His self-centered attitude forces him to think that he will be uprooted from his life. This attitude towards death was not helpful because he was not ready to cope up with death. On the other side, Watanabe was practical because he was aware of the fact that death and life are two different sides of the same coin. His philosophical attitude hel ped him to keep his illness as a personal secret and to enjoy the remaining days with happiness. To be specific, enlightenment in Ivan Ilyich’s life was a gradual process. On the other side, enlightenment was a rapid process in Watanabe’s personal life. Common struggles faced by Ivan Ilyich and Watanabe Both the characters were forced to fight against death and life. Ivan Ilyich hesitated to accept the truth but Watanabe was ready to accept death as the part of his life. Ivan Ilyich was not ready to give up his bureaucratic style of life. But Watanabe was ready to his give up his mechanical life. The struggles faced by Ivan Ilyich and Watanabe were same. Watanabe was ready to accept the same, but Ivan Ilyich was not ready to do so. This transformed their

Quiz two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quiz two - Essay Example The average cost of repairs under warranty is $45 for labour and $75 for parts per unit. During 2012, 2,500 exercise machines were sold at an average price of $800. During the year, 60 of the machines that were sold were repaired at the average price per unit. The opening balance in the Warranty Liability account is zero. 30. Taylor Companys payroll for the week ending January 15 amounted to $50,000 for Office Salaries and $120,000 for Store Wages. The following deductions were withheld from employees salaries and wages: On January 1, 2010, Andrews Corporation issued $900,000, 8%, 5-year bonds dated January 1, 2010, at 100 (this value was assumed as it was not given in the document) to yield 9%. The bonds pay semi-annual interest on January 1 and July 1. The company has a December 31 year end. On January 1, 2010, Callahan Corporation issued $600,000, 9%, 5-year bonds, dated January 1, 2007, at 104. The bonds pay interest semi-annually on January 1 and July 1. The company has a December 31 year end. Assume amortization of $1,700 and $2,100 respectively for the first two semi-annual interest periods. Hanna Manufacturing Limited receives $240,000 on January 1, 2010 when it issues a 6%, 3-year note payable to finance the purchase of equipment. The terms provide for annual payments each December 31. The first payment is due December 31, 2010. (a) Hillman Corporation purchased $150,000 of its bonds on June 30, 2011, at 102 and immediately retired them. The amortized cost of the bonds on the retirement date was $137,700. The bonds pay semi-annual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2011, has been made and recorded. (b) Dalton, Inc. purchased $200,000 of its bonds at 96 on June 30, 2011, and immediately retired them. The amortized cost of the bonds on the retirement date was $196,500. The bonds pay semi-annual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2011,

Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts Essay - 5

Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts - Essay Example y remarkable models, theories and concepts that are in line with the issues in global business and strategic concepts, particularly in understanding the future of Nokia-Microsoft merger. The said merger is generally to obtain a competitive advantage especially in mobile computing. However, specifically, the ultimate goal is to increase potential market share or global expansion for Nokia and Microsoft in areas where the two firms have vital common things to offer leading them to their competitive advantage. It is recommended that the new CEO must consider that it is essential to employ various models in business primarily in line with the issues in global business and strategic concepts. Prior to the actual implementation of the Nokia-Microsoft strategy, it is necessary that the consideration of other relevant factors such as the entry strategy, production and outsourcing, value chain, marketing strategy and the organisational structure should be required. Furthermore, the primary activities in the actual operation should be considered with particular involvement of appropriate process implemented among the following factors: structure, processes, people, culture, and incentives and control. In the age of tough competition and globalisation, firms are conditioned that they should be able to compete, and the one which will be most likely to win in the battle should be able to understand the importance of achieving a remarkable competitive strategy prior to generating a competitive advantage (Siciliani, Straume and Cellini, 2012, p.2041). Microsoft and Nokia, in the midst of tough competition in their industry, are trying to improve their market share, especially in the area of mobile computing (Egan, 2014). Thus, the work at hand tries to establish the idea that seeks to understand the competitive advantage of Microsoft-Nokia merger and the things involved in this strategy. Specifically, this report examines the areas to gain competitive advantage in the

Types of electronic medical records Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Types of electronic medical records - Essay Example †¢ Professional electronic health record is designed to serve less than forty health officers. This means that the software is capable of successfully showing details of less than 40 patients at once. Thus if the request to show information exceeds forty, the system may experience delays or even crash. It is ideal for a medium-sized health institution. †¢ The Enterprise electronic health record software is designed in such a manner that it can handle a large number of requests to display patient’s health records. The software can handle a big number of requests thus making it ideal for large health institutions. It is also used commercially hence given the name enterprise electronic health records software. eClinicalWorks This is one of the biggest and most popular electronic health records vendors. It has a customer base of more than 55, 000 customers who have their records electronically stored. The main reason behind its popularity is the fact that it is easily accessible in most of the health institutions, and hence, the chances of the patient failing to get their records are low. This means that a patient can be treated by different physicians in different locations and still provide the same information to the different medical practitioners. The software popularity and efficiency have won it several electronic health record awards. The software is also widely accepted and also legitimate as it is ONC-ATCB certified. The Aprima electronic health record is popular and acceptable with many people. ... The software can handle a big number of requests thus making it ideal for large health institutions. It is also used commercially hence given the name enterprise electronic health records software. eClinicalWorks This is one of the biggest and most popular electronic health records vendors. It has a customer base of more than 55, 000 customers who have their records electronically stored. The main reason behind its popularity is the fact that it is easily accessible in most of the health institutions, and hence, the chances of the patient failing to get their records are low. This means that a patient can be treated by different physicians in different locations and still provide the same information to the different medical practitioners. The software popularity and efficiency have won it several electronic health record awards. The software is also widely accepted and also legitimate as it is ONC-ATCB certified (Software Advice, 2011). Aprima Electronic Health Record The Aprima ele ctronic health record is popular and acceptable with many people. The software boasts of several features that are not available in the other electronic health record software. Among the unique properties of the Aprima electronic health record software is the feature that incorporates billing and scheduling. This makes it possible for the patient to get the breakdown and total of the treatment charges. The software also reminds the patients of their schedule and appointments with the clinician. The advanced features make it usable by any size or type of practice. The legitimacy of the software is proved by the fact that it is also ONC-ATCB certified. Greenway primeSUITE 2011 This is electronic health record software which has grown to be a market leader in this line of

Domestic Dogs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Domestic Dogs - Essay Example Domestic dog is morphologically distinct from all other canids except its close relatives, the wolf-like canids. The earliest burial remains of a domestic dog are 14,000 years old and were found in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Despite their many shapes and sizes all domestic dogs, from Newfoundlands to pugs, are members of the same species-Canis familiaris. Although they have domestic temperaments, these dogs are related to wolves, foxes, and jackals. Many of the behavior traits and body movements or positioning can be applied universally to all canids for example ear positioning, tail positioning, raised hackles, etc. There is considerable similarity between dogs and wild canid species; many wolf-like canids cannot be distinguished from domestic dogs of equivalent size. However, all dogs are consistently separated from fox-sized, wild canids by subtle but evolutionarily significant differences in olecranon, metapodial, and scapula morphology. Second, in domestic dogs the pattern of sta tic allometry is nearly identical to that of ontogenetic allometry. This finding can be attributed to simple heterochronic alterations of postnatal growth rates. Talking about wolves, they have a fairly sophisticated communication system--in both body language and verbal language. They use their whole bodies when communicating. North American Wolves are extremely social animals and live in groups called packs. The packs can vary in size, usually according to the abundance or dearth of prey. For example, the wolf packs of Alaska's Denali National Park preying primarily on moose can number into the twenties; but in Minnesota, wolf packs typically number under ten. In some packs, there is one male or female wolf called the "omega". This wolf lives on the fringes of the wolf society and is usually the last to eat, sometimes going without if food is scarce. The link between the Domestic Dog and the Wolf is therefore a matter of scientific classification in Zoology. Interestingly the recl assification of the dog in 1993 meant the inclusion of Lupus to the scientific classification and therefore signifying the link between the dog and the wolf. Domestic Dogs share many of their characteristics with their wild relatives. Pack animals eat meat. Dogs too are able to eat raw meat if given to them and it's called the raw diet, territory issues marking their scent, communicating using physicality, play fighting etc. Essential difference between Domestic Dogs and their wild relatives is that of genetic information. Some other trivial differences are that dogs tend to howl less and bark more. Dogs are also domesticated as they are friendly towards people. A domestic dog when subject to wild environment will get acclimated and become wolf-like. As far as physicality is concerned, some of the attributes are tail & ear carriage, vocal communication - barking, howling, hunting, pack mentality & hierarchy, mating & litter rearing. Dogs were probably the first tame animals. They ha ve accompanied humans for some 10,000 years. During this time we have, in some respects, genetically engineered (by selective breeding) so that they can become useful as working dogs. For Example the Bernese mountain dog was bred for draft work, the Boxer for bear fighting and the Mastiff as a war dog. Apart for the

Marketing strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing strategies - Assignment Example Implications of this change on marketing strategies, specifically, major shift from traditional ways of marketing and promotion to major usage of online social media like facebook, tweeter and other popular social networking sites will also be analysed in this paper. Therefore, this study includes a complete package of changing business environmental related issues and its effects and implications on marketing strategies. Introduction Continuous changes in various factors of macro business environment are the most important areas of global businesses. Business organizations keep in-depth focus on the new trends or changes in these macro factors. Most important macro environmental factors are political factors, economical factors, social factors, cultural factors and technological factors. Substantial changes on these environmental factors have major impact or effects on the marketing strategies of the organizations. Management of leading organizations in the world have collaborativel y developed business associations to research on the forthcoming trend and trend on global market. There are also many research organization have been formed who specialises in the market research to identify the changes and develop necessary changes in the strategic marketing and provide advisory services to the organizations in each countries. Organizations are constantly facing difficulties in this critical of business where expected or predicted changes sometimes differ from the actual changes in the market especially in the purchasing and consumption behaviour of the potential target consumers. Consumer behaviour changes according to the ever changing trend on economical, social and technological environment in the world or a specific country. In this study, the major changes in the macro environmental factors in South Africa will be discussed in details with respect to changing trend in the global business environment. Detailed overview of the change/ trend in macro business e nvironment Business organizations in South Africa or any other countries have become open systems after the worldwide globalizations or open economy or open market. Therefore, organizations get resources from the environment that may be domestic, may be regional or international. Similarly, nay organizations have the opportunity to get the world market as the target market of them and can access any market across the world. Therefore, external environmental factors of a business have major impact on the both input and output level as organizations always tries to grab the opportunities from the changing business environment in national or international level. Firms cannot change any of the macro environmental influences but they can only react by the continuous changing the strategies with the changes in those environmental factors. Therefore, business change the internal business environment i.e. strategies and activities to grasp the opportunities of changing trend in the external environment and also can protect from any negative impact of new trend on the businesses. Therefore, it is very impotent for the managers, strategic decision makers to analysis the business environment in regular basis be3fore developing any strategic decisions for the

The Passion of the Christ Essay Example for Free

The Passion of the Christ Essay On February 25th (Ash Wednesday) 2004, Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ film was released. The film is based on Jesus’ arrest, trial, and execution according to the four Gospels. Most of the film is historically accurate, although there are some fictional events too. The film became the highest grossing non-English language film of all time and it was named the most controversial film of all time. Critics claimed the film was historically inaccurate due to the way the film portrayed Pontius Pilate, along with the use of excessive violence, anti-Semitic content, and the use of additional material. One of the most important historical inaccuracies is the way the film portrays the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. According to author B. A. Robinson, â€Å"Pontius Pilate is consistently portrayed as a weak-willed governor, frightened of the power of the Jewish priests, and lacking in confidence. † After viewing the film, one would feel that Pilate was essentially morally neutral in the events of Jesus’ execution after stating Jesus is innocent of any crime but due to the pressure of the mob demanding execution, Pilate yields to it (Oxtoby Amore 172). According to authors Oxtoby and Amore, the crime Jesus was being accused of perverting the people and claiming to be the king of the Jews (168). â€Å"In reality, Pilate was harsh and vicious in his treatment of Jews and had thousands of them crucified (Robinson). † Several critics were troubled by the film’s explicitly detailed violence and further criticized the film for focusing on the brutality of Jesus’ execution, instead of his religious teachings. A number of the scenes which do not appear in the Bible but which seem to be fictional creations added to â€Å"flesh† out the movie and extend the film to a feature length include: the scene when Jesus is repeatedly beaten by the Temple guard after his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane for no apparent reason, when Judas is emotionally distraught over his prior betrayal to Jesus and is tormented by Jewish children whose faces morph into demons, when the crucified thief who taunted Jesus has his eye pecked out by a crow, and the scene of Satan carrying a demonic baby during Jesus’ flogging (Robinson). Film critic Roger Ebert said in his review, The movie is 126 minutes long, and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes, maybe more, are concerned specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus; further stating that this was the most violent film he had ever seen (Sanburn). Film critic A. O. Scott stated in his review, â€Å"The Passion of the Christ is so relentlessly focused on the savagery of Jesus’ final hours that this film seems to arise less from love than from wrath, and to succeed more in assaulting the spirit than in uplifting it. † Before the film was even released, there were prominent criticisms of perceived anti-Semitic content in the movie. After representatives of the Anti-Defamation League attended a private screening of a pre-release version of The Passion of the Christ, they released a statement calling it one of the most troublesome texts, relative to anti-Semitic potential, that any of us had seen in twenty-five years. It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews, headed by the high priest Caiaphas, who finally blackmailed a weak-kneed Pilate into putting Jesus to death. This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies (Robinson). A key event in the Bible that is missing in the film is the canonical line from John’s gospel in which Caiaphas argues that it is better for one man to die for the people so that the nation be saved; had this line been included in the film, perhaps giving Caiaphas a measure of the inner conflict he gave to Pilate, it could have underscored the similarities between Caiaphas and Pilate and helped defuse the issue of anti-Semitism (Robinson). Although Mel Gibson claimed to have based the film entirely from the Biblical Gospels, there are many elements that came from the book called The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ by Anne Catherine Emmerich; The book contained her visions of the sufferings of Christ and are criticized for revealing more information about the Life of Jesus Christ besides what is read of Him in the Bible (Facing the Challenge). This poses a problem because it sets up another authority alongside the Bible. Ultimately, despite the questions over the historical accuracy of some aspects of the film, it did remain broadly faithful to the Bible’s narrative and it was clear in portraying the central realities of the Christian faith. The United Methodist Church stated that many of its members, like other Christians, felt that the movie was a good way to evangelize non-believers. As a result, many congregations set up tables at the theaters to provide answers and prayers to viewers.

Punishment In Islamic Law

Punishment In Islamic Law Introduction In every society, security and stability are basic needs no less important than other needs like food and clothing. Travis Hirschi propounded a theory of social control that emphasizes on the role of society in the control of criminal behaviour  [1]  . It specifies the fact that no society can afford to denounce criminal activity without duly accepting its responsibility towards the same. In other words the theory of social control elaborates on the onus that is shared by society and devised control mechanisms to ensure a safe social arena, one that is devoid of any type of delinquency. Man have been conscious of the need for security since the beginning of life and with the formation and evolution of society, we now have what is known as the establishment of the state or government and the formation of laws. The development of these man-made laws did not come to completion except in the last few centuries after a long experience of trial and error  [2]  . On the other hand, the Law of Islam that was sent down to Muhammad in Allahs (SWT) final message to mankind has paid careful attention to this matter and has come with a complete legal system. Taking into consideration the changing circumstances of society as well as the consistency and permanence of human nature, it contains comprehensive principles and general rules suitable for dealing with all the problems and circumstances that life may bring in any time or place. Likewise it has set down punishments for certain crimes that are not affected by changing conditions and circumstances. In this way Islamic Law combines between stability, flexibility and firmness  [3]  . Punishment in general Punishment is defined as the act of punishing or the process of being punished  [4]  . Theories of punishment can be divided into two general philosophies, the utilitarian theory and the retributive theory. The utilitarian theory of punishment aims at punishing offenders to discourage or deter future wrongdoing. The purpose of punishment is to act as an example to the rest of society and put others on notice that criminal behaviour will not be tolerated and will be punished. The retributive theory on the other hand seeks to punish offenders because they deserve to be punished. Punishments under Islamic Law As with all penal systems, the Islamic law system prescribes punishments when someone is found guilty of a wrongdoing. The philosophy of punishments in Islam indicates that Islam provides punishment only as a last resort and the purpose behind it is reform brought about through a blending of human values and justice tempered with mercy. Punishments in Islam reflects its values where it puts the interest of the society before the interest of an individual  [5]  . The punishment can be severe depending on the crime but have to abide with strict rules and have prominent features  [6]  . Some of the features of punishment are as follows  [7]  :- Punishments are meant to be a last resort; Punishments are made to be examples to the public; Punishment are to reform an offender; Punishments are a form of retribution for the victim. The punishment system in Islam is aimed towards the three dimension of any crime being the criminal, society and the victim. To criminals punishment is kaffara (purification) and reforming for the re-acceptance into society. To society on the other hand, punishment is a preventive method to save society from crimes and finally to victims, punishment is a means of retribution. Punishments in Islamic Law were set down to protect and secure the ultimate five elements of peoples interests: al-dharuriyat (necessities). These are deen (belief), an-Nafis (life), al-aqil (intellect), al-mal (wealth) and an-nasil (family and lineage). The types of punishment There are four categories of punishment that criminals may be subjected to, namely, Hadd (literally meaning boundaries), Qisas (retribution) and Diyat (blood money), Tazir (chastisement) and Mukhalafat (which covers areas of the rights of the state). Hadd Hadd (plural hudud) literally means boundaries or prohibition  [8]  . It is considered to be the most severe of crimes as they go against Gods will and punishments for these crimes are fixed as they have been prescribed by Allah (SWT) in the Holy Quran  [9]  . The seven offences prescribed are zina (illicit sexual relations), qazaf (false accusation of zina), sariqah (theft), hirabah (highway robbery), shrub al-khamr (consumption of alcohol), riddah (apostasy), and baghy (rebellion against the government). These offences appear to have been selected to indicate that life, family institution, property, honour and social order have to be protected. Evidence for these crimes have to be provided by abiding to stringent rules thus, making conviction difficult  [10]  . If the crime is proven, offenders for these crimes are punished in public as a measure of deterrence  [11]  . However it is only carried out as a last resort after a thorough effort at reforming the person ha s totally failed. For example, riddah, where a Muslim renounces his or her faith, it is treated as treason. A mandatory punishment has been set for this offense. Males face beheading, while females face imprisonment until the time where they renounce their new belief and revert to the teachings of Islam. However, every effort is made to allow the male offender to revert to Islam including receiving visits of religious officials before the punishment is inflicted.  [12]   The punishments that have been set and have to be carried out if all criteria for evidence have been satisfactorily met for the rest of the offences prescribed above are  [13]  : Zina A married individual would face death by stoning while an unmarried person would face 100 lashes. Qazaf 80 lashes are mandatory for a free person while slaves face 40 lashes Sariqah A first time offender faces amputation of one hand at the wrist, a second time offender faces amputation of the second hand while a third time offender face either amputation at the ankle or imprisonment until the individual repents. Hirabah If death is caused, the offender faces death by beheading. If no death occurs, the offender faces cross-limb amputation. If the offender is arrested before commission, he is imprisoned until repentance. Shrub al-khamr 80 lashes are mandatory for a free person while 40 lashes are mandatory for slaves or those in the Shafii school Baghy Death is imposed for those who fight and are captured. However, tazir punishments are for those who are arrested or surrender. Looking at the punishments set out above, it appears as very severe and harsh but the main purpose of hudud punishments is to deter the commission of crime in the very first place. Taking the example of sariqa (theft), Allah SWT proclaims, As to the thief, male or female cut off his or her hands, a punishment by way of example, from God, for their crime: and God is Exalted in power  [14]  . Islam does not tolerate theft as it deprives a person of their hard earned money and belongings. Looking at the above verse, it is clear that the intention to punish the offender is to set an example for the rest of society that an act of stealing will not be condoned or accepted by God. What hudud seeks to bring is peace and order and disciplined behaviour as people would seriously consider their actions to do an evil deed as they know the punishment that awaits them is severe. This is the wisdom of hudud. But this is not to say that under Islamic Law, at the slightest chance available, punishment will be imposed. On the contrary, punishments would only be imposed as a last resort where all the conditions and elements of the crime have been satisfied. Qisas Diyat Another feature of Islamic Law is the right of retribution (Qisas). The concept of retribution is explained in the Holy Quran as follows: The recompense for an injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree), but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from God, for (God) loveth not those who do wrong.  [15]   In simple terms, Qisas follows the doctrine of an eye for an eye, where the punishment is similar to the crime. As Qisas is usually reserved for crimes that involve homicide or bodily harm, for a crime of homicide, the punishment would be death while a crime involving bodily harm, the punishment would be to inflict an injury comparable to the harm caused. A unique feature of the punishment of these crimes is that the victim is able to request for punishment or to forgive the offender  [16]  . The victim may also request for diyat (blood money), a form of compensation paid by the offender to the victim, the amount of which has to be equal to the loss incurred and not more. In a hadith narrated by Imam Nissai it mentions that every part of the body has blood money, for example the blood money for the eyes is the equivalent of 50 camels, etc  [17]  . Tazir Tazir punishments are discretionary punishments that do not fall under the jurisdiction of hudud or qisas and cannot be used as an alternative to these punishments. Tazir can, however, be used if a crime has been committed but has not met the standards of hudud or if the offender has been pardoned by the victim. They are the most flexible type of punishment because they take into account the needs of society and changing social conditions. It is also flexible enough to realize the maximum general benefit to society, effectively reform the criminal and reduce the harm that was caused. The punishments may range from anywhere between a warning to death. One famous example happened in the time of Umar ibn al-Khattab (ra), where he punished a scholar who gave false testimony. He ordered that the scholar should have his head shaved, his face painted black, and he paraded semi-clothed in front of people while sitting backwards on a donkey  [18]  . But the punishment can be just as severe as the punishments under hudud. The power to punish is given to the judge or to the legal authorities. The purpose of tazir is to prevent an offender from repeating the offence or to incline a person to fulfil his or her duty. A number of factors go into choosing the appropriate punishment under tazir one of which is the situation of the offender where aspects such as the social status of the offender as it is believed those from the commoners require harsher punishment to reform than those in higher classes. It has to also be determined if the offender has committed similar crimes in the past, making the punishment individualized.  [19]   Mukhalafat This covers the areas of the rights of the state. A person or group contravenes a law which the state has enacted such as exceeding the speed limit or parking in no parking areas. The punishment imposed is at the discretion of the judge or the legal authorities. Kaffarah If a person who has not fulfilled their duty (such as not fasting or performing prayers), the individual is required to pay kaffarah or penance. It is not meant to be a punishment rather it is a reminder of their obligations. There are three forms of kaffarah which are offering a sacrifice, feeding six orphans or the poor and performing fast for three days.  [20]  The kaffarah that needs to be performed depends on the violation that had occurred.  [21]  It is interesting to note that the crime here is not one which is against the state or another individual but is a failure to fulfil ones duty or obligations under Islam of which there are also punishments prescribed. Punishment as a last resort Severity of punishments as a form of prevention and deterrence The ultimate aim for a Muslim society is that its citizens do not commit crimes at all and so there should be no occasion to resort to extreme punishments like the amputation of the hand in cases of theft or flogging or being stoned to death in cases of zina. The very thought of watching someone lose a hand for committing theft is definitely unpleasant and considered harsh which is why it is not surprising that hudud punishments often make the headlines in the media due to its severity. However the severity of the punishment is to serve as a prevention and deterrence from committing these crimes in the first place. It is better to be severe to one and save a thousand than to be indulgent to all and ruin many. Allah SWT is certainly a good surgeon who does not hesitate to amputate a rotten limb to save the whole body  [22]  . Just imagine if you see someone walking around with only one hand because he was punished under hudud for stealing, you would keep away from such person. Thi s indirectly causes stigmatization for the offender as society would not want to be associated with an offender. This is another motivating factor to desist from committing the crime. Further, just because punishments under Islamic Law are seen to be harsh, it does not necessarily make them unjust. According to Abdur-Rahman.Doi  [23]  , incidences of cutting off the hands are rare in an Islamic society for two reasons. Firstly, statistically speaking, the simple enforcement of hudud punishment itself has a significant deterring effect on potential offenders which inadvertently reduces the crime rate in a society administered by Shariah. He cites the example of Saudi Arabia (in spite of the distorted ideology of its government) in recent times and the era of the first generation of Muslims more than fourteen hundred years ago  [24]  . Secondly, the procedure in seeking conviction of an alleged offender is so elaborate and strict and involves a host of exceptions and conditions, as a result of which in most cases the offenders punishment is reduced from the level of Hadd to Tazir, where the judgement is left to the discretion of the judge. Fear of Allah (SWT) and accountability in the Hereafter According to Muslim jurists, punishments are designed to keep the sense of justice alive in the community by a public repudiation of the acts violating the limits set by God. They are expected to build up in the society a deep feeling of abhorrence for transgression against fellow human beings and therefore against God, a transgression which according to the Quran is the root cause of all disorders and corruption in human life  [25]  . Hence severe punishments are imposed for purposes of dissuading most people from committing crimes. For this purpose it imbues the Muslims with the fear of Allah (SWT) and inculcates the sense of accountability in the Hereafter, as it is believed that punishment should be prevented as far as possible. When it is said to him, Fear God, he is led by arrogance to (more) crime. Enough for him is Hell;- and evil bed indeed (to lie on)!- Surah Al-Baqarah 2: 206 And fear the Day when ye shall be brought back to God. Then shall every soul be paid what it earned, and none shall be dealt with unjustly- Surah Al-Baqarah 2:281 Punishment is a necessary evil Abdur-Rahman Doi, in his encyclopaedic work Shariah: The Islamic Law makes an insightful observation that the Quran generally adopts the same word for punishment (retribution) as for the original crime  [26]  . Therefore, both crime and punishment are known as Sayyiah (evil). By using the same word for both crime and punishment, it implies that punishment although justified by circumstances is truly speaking nothing but a necessary evil  [27]  . This being the case, at the first instance where a crime has been committed, Islam seeks to forgive and reform the offender wherever possible. However, where it is clear that it is unlikely for the offender to reform or to mend his or her ways punishment would then be imposed as a last resort. Waiver of punishments in the presence of doubt Any shred of evidence that is doubtful or circumstantial will prevent punishment. It is narrated in the Seerah (life) of Muhammad (saw) how he would exert himself to avert the punishment when individuals asked for punishment to be implemented upon them  [28]  . It is narrated that Muhammad (saw) said, To free someone criminal mistakenly is better than to punish someone innocent mistakenly  [29]   Aisha narrated that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said : Ward off punishment as much as you can. If you find any way out for a Muslim then set him free. If the Imam makes a mistake in granting forgiveness, it is better for him than that he should commit a mistake in imposing punishment. Hence should there be even a single iota of doubt on the evidence, hudud punishment in such circumstances should not be imposed. An example of this is in the case of adultery (zina) where the testimonies of four eye witnesses are required to prove the crime. Allah SWT says, If any of your women are guilty of lewdness, take the evidence of four (reliable) witnesses from amongst you against them; and if they testify, confine them to houses until death do claim them, or God ordain for them some (other) way  [30]  . If there is a little doubt, no Hudud penalty is given at all, instead they will then be subject to the punishment of qadhf (false accusation). Hence, Hudud punishments are waived in the presence of doubt, and that benefit of the doubt is always given to the accused. The Right of Retribution Under Islamic law, it offers the aggrieved party the right of retribution. This right of retribution belongs to the individual, and not to the society or state. This simple shift in the responsibility brings about a profound change in the whole system of implementing justice. Instead of starting an irreversible process of trial and punishment which would involve a great deal of time and costs, Islamic law leaves the ground open for settlement between individuals, without the interference by impersonal bureaucratic machinery, though under no circumstances can the individual take the law into his or her own hands  [31]  . If we compare this with a country like Malaysia which has its own Criminal Laws enshrined under the Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code, where a person is a victim of theft or robbery for example, the action against the accused is brought by the state and not the victim. Also where all the elements of the crime are satisfied, the accused would be either imprisoned for a period which may extend to seven years, fined or in some cases to both imprisonment and fine. Under this criminal law system, the tax payer who may include the victim themselves would be burdened with taking care of the welfare of the accused whilst in prison. Fines paid are paid to the state and not to the victim who is actually the aggrieved party. It was only recently that Malaysia introduced the concept of victim impact statements in courts. This is an avenue provided to the victims of crimes to voice their feelings in relation to the offence committed against them of which the victim impact statements will be considered when imposing sentencing or punishment. Hence what is certain from the Malaysian Criminal Law system is that unlike the Islamic legal system upon the establishment of guilt and where the accused is found guilty of the crime, the imposition of punishment is definite and as a matter of first choice. The Concept of Forgiveness The concept of forgiveness is one of the main elements under the concept of punishment under Islamic law. In Islamic Law the wishes of the victim or his family is given an important role in deciding whether or not the punishment should be carried out. The victim is allowed to pardon the perpetrator because the punishment in crimes under Qisas is considered the right of the victim and is avoidable because whoever forgives and makes amends, his reward is due from Allahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [32]  . The ideal way is not to seek revenge at all but reconciliation and to make the offender realize the gravity of his or her offence. The Concept of Tawbah The concept of tawbah is also another element of interest. If an individual does commit crime, Islam allows the individual to repent (tawbah) as Islam believes in awarding its believers a second chance. Tawbah brings the meaning of return from sin.  [33]  The concept of tawbah can be clearly seen to be encouraged in the Holy Quran through the verse, But if the thief repents after his crime, and amends his conduct, God turneth to him in forgiveness: for God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful  [34]  ; and Except those who repent and make amends and openly declare (the Truth): to them I turn for I am Oft-returning, Most Merciful- Surah Al Baqarah 2:160. One is said to have repented if there is a feeling of genuine remorse, shame and resolve to not repeat the crime.  [35]  Where a person has repented before being caught or arrested, the effect of this is that it can remit the hadd punishment. Islams approach towards crime prevention Islam has looked towards crime prevention more than punishing the criminal. This is akin to the English saying Prevention is better than cure. For this purpose Islam has prescribed preventative measures that are to be taken in order to curb crime in the society. Some of the key measures that are thought to help members of the society to resist the urge to commit crimes  [36]  are as follows:- Moral Development and pre-crime reform Self purification is one of the main goals of the Prophets (peace be upon him) mission  [37]  . In Surah Al- Baqarah 2: 112 it says, Nay,- whoever submits his whole self to God and is a doer of good,- he will get his reward with his Lord; on such shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. The teachings of Allah aim towards performing what is good and abstaining from harm. When the individuals heart is with the Almighty God, he does not allow for his ego to control his mind and its animal demands, so indirectly one abstains from committing crimes. It is also for this reason that Muslims are required to pray five times a day so as they are constantly reminded that there is an Almighty who created them and they should bow their head in total humbleness towards God. It is a collective mindful meditation that helps you not to forget who you are and where you belong. In a Muslim society Khurram Murad argued that every institution is value oriented and owes a responsibility towards the moral development of every person. Reform is therefore a pre-crime responsibility and not a post-crime syndrome  [38]  . Islamic Law makes an effort to ensure that the inducement to commit crime is minimal. This is for instance the reason behind the complete prohibition of consuming intoxicants and intense free-mixing of unrelated members of the opposite genders. Part of pre-crime reform involves development of an environment where preventive measures are already in place. Once the crime is committed however, the best place for reform is in the family and in society where a criminal is to live after the punishment and not in a prison where every inmate is a criminal  [39]  . While Shariah protects society by legislating punishments and preventative measures against crimes, it does not resort to punishment without first preparing for the individual a situation conducive to a virtuous life. It would be considered unjust from the standpoint of Shariah to allow a hazardous act, such as drinking alcohol and then punish a person for drinking while driving. Family Family is considered as the pillar of society. Children look up to their parents as the teachers of customs, practices and morality. Hence stable relationships between parents , spouses and children reduces the need for engaging in criminal activities. Research has shown that children from single parent homes, dysfunctional families, etc are usually involved in crime as a means to stay away from the problems at home or for purposes of seeking attention. Therefore a strong family bond coupled with religious and moral beliefs and teachings would not create a need for people to commit crimes. The fight against poverty This refers to the societys duty to help the poor (in the way of zakat) as poverty is said to be one of the reasons behind the occurrence of crime. The Holy Quran has introduced zakat as one of the good deeds which leads to the purification and development. In Surah Al-Baqarah 2 :110, it provides, And be steadfast in prayer and regular in charity: and whatever good ye send forth for your souls before you, ye shall find it with God: for God sees well all that ye do. In a Muslim state, every individual is entitled to social security through the public treasury where funds are collected from various sources including the obligatory annual payment of zakat. Where a citizen is driven by force of circumstances since he could not earn his living for himself or his family due to lack of employment opportunities or was not taken care of by the central treasury, the society and government will be considered at fault and no hudud punishment will be imposed on the accused. It is keeping with this principle that Umar bin-al-Khattab the second Caliph or ruler of Muslims after Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) did not apply the hudud punishment to those accused of theft during the period of famine in the state of Madinah  [40]  . Similarly, if a person is found stealing out of hunger or to fulfil his basic needs, then no punishment is meted out to him as it is deemed that the fault lies with society and government because it is their duty to see that no person is without means to support himself or his family with dignity. And in their wealth and possessions (was remembered) the right of the (needy), him who asked, and him who (for some reason) was prevented (from asking). Surah Al Dhariyat (51:19) In Malaysia for example, a mother who stole a tin of milk for purposes of feeding her child was sentenced to a days jail and imposed a RM500 fine in default of one months jail  [41]  . One tends to wonder looking at the sentence passed if the sentence imposed was compassionate and justified considering the circumstances that drove the mother to steal in the first place. Also if the mother had RM500, she would not need to resort to stealing in the very first place. Further being the sole breadwinner, in the event she is unable to pay the fine, then she would need to serve her one month prison sentence and risk being separated from her child. This is the implication of the stringent criminal laws in Malaysia. Conclusion To live in constant fear of being attacked or robbed is surely unacceptable state of affairs. The thoughts and ideas that are prevalent in the society around us affect the way people behave and in this society people are constantly motivated to increase their wealth and become prosperous. But when this is combined with the notion of freedom, people then put no limits for themselves on how to achieve these aims, and crime is a

Aldous Huxley Essay -- essays research papers

Aldous Huxley Aldous Leonard Huxley: English novelist, essayist, critic, and poet. On July 26, 1894, Aldous was born of Leonard and Julia Huxley in England. The infamous Huxley family possessed both scientific and literary fame throughout Europe. As a teenage, Aldous developed a bizarre eye disease which left him blind for over two years. This traumatic event changed Aldous's career as a medical doctor to a writer instead. "†¦I should infallibly have killed myself in the much more strenuous profession of medicine." But he was used to work, even in the literary world. During the 1920's, he lived in Italy and France, and then immigrated to the United States in 1937. Huxley's own experiences made him stand apart from the class into which he was born. Growing up, he was seen as different, showing an alertness, and intelligence, a superiority. He was a respected and loved individual. He felt that heredity made each individual unique, and the uniqueness of the individual was essential to freedom. His feelings and emotions are displayed in his work, Brave New World. Like his family, and the Alphas of Brave New World, Huxley felt a moral obligation to fight the idea that happiness could be achieved through class. When Huxley was 14 years old, he experienced a traumatic loss in his life; his mother died. One can see his loss and his sense of the transience of human happiness in Brave New World. As mentioned before,...

Alzheimers Disease :: Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer's Disease Introduction to Alzheimer's Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain. It is first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915) in 1905. This disease worsens with advancing age, although there is no evidence that it is cause by the aging process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average life expectancy of a person with the disease is between five and ten years, but some patients today can live up to 15 years due to improvements in care and medical treatments. The cause of Alzheimer's has not been discovered yet and it cannot be possible to confirm a person has Alzheimer's until their autopsy following death. How does Alzheimer's develop What causes Alzheimer's? Well no one know exactly the development of this debilitating disease. But recent advances has produced several clues as to how it is born. Initially when we study the brain of a Alzheimer's victim, we focus on two specific areas. One is the cortex of the frontal and cerebral lobes1. The second is the hippocampus (meaning seahorses in Greek which it resembles2) which is located below the cerebral cortex and responsible for short-term memory. If we study samples of these two section, we would find three irregularities which are not found in normal brain matter. These three are called neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plagues and granulovacuolar degeneration3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A nerve cell has numerous axons and dendrites coming out of it. A neurofibrillary tangle is when the neuron changes. A number of dendrites are missing and the nucleus is filled with protein filaments resembling steel wool. Although all elderly people has a few of these helix shaped bundles in their brain for they are normal indicators of aging, Alzheimer's patients has more than usual. Their presence usually in the frontal and temporal lobes is a indication of AD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Senile neuritic plagues are small round objects. They are masses of amyloid protein material composed of residue left over from healthy nerve endings that were broken off and decayed. Their presence near the cell further indicates something gone wrong. Neuritic plaques is the best evidence for diagnostics to make the determination of AD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A third sign of neuron deterioration is granulovacuolar degeneration. This is when fluid-filled vacuoles are seen crowding inside the nerve cell, specifically in the triangular shaped cells of the hippocampus. This condition can only be observed in carefully sliced, stain and analyzed brain tissue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cell having lost all it's dendrites and nucleus soon disintegrates entirely, vanishing into the body's waste disposal system. With the depletion of enough nerve material the brain actually shrinks, sometimes by as much as ten percent5. The more cells the AD sufferer loses, the more mental functions he

Personal Narrative †Complications of Becoming a Woman Essay -- Person

Personal Narrative – Complications of Becoming a Woman My mother never told me the complications of becoming a woman in this world. Maybe she thought I was strong enough to figure them out on my own. Or quite possibly, she couldn't tell me, because she never really knew how to face the complications herself. She never told me how to dress a certain way in order to keep up with the latest fashions. She never told me how to wear my hair in a way that the other girls wouldn't make fun of me for. She never even told me how to apply makeup to my adolescent face. I don't think she ever knew how to put it on herself. My mother was always a simple woman. A brush of mascara, a touch of the gloss, and she was done. My mother never told me that being in love does not mean sitting by the boy of your dreams at a high school football game every Friday night. And that the boy of your dreams never really remains the boy of your dreams unless, of course, you don't know any better. How was I supposed to know? She also never said that I would fall "in love" over and over again until I met the right "one." And when I met "the one," chances are he wouldn't be it, and I would have to go through the whole process again. Mother never told me the process would take weeks, months, or even years. She never told me this would be painful. Because if I knew that falling in love would eventually hurt so much, I would have probably tried at all costs to avoid the pain. It never brought me strength, but has formed a callus around my heart. You know this story just as well as I do. I am sure it has happened to you. The characters might have different names, and the setting most likely took place somewhere else, but in the end, it's all driven by ... ...etween true love and the need to be loved. I needed to be loved. I needed to feel loved, so I stuck with him until I realized what I was doing. I had never truly loved him. He was only satisfying my need for security and hope. Once he failed to do this, our relationship could not survive. After the relationship ended, it took me a while to learn to trust again. I found it much easier to trust no one than to fail by trusting the wrong person. Over time, I realized I wasn't being fair to myself. I would have to learn to trust in order to let people back into my life. How else was I to find "the one?" My mother never told me the complications of becoming a woman in this world. She never told me that it's not necessarily important to find "the one" true love in your life. She didn't tell me about the longing, the grieving, or the pain. She didn't have to, I guess.

Nancy Mairs-Disability

A forty three year old woman has multiple sclerosis and she can barely walk with a brace and a cane. She saw another woman with MS in a show who wants to go to Kenya and live a happy life. She almost did it, made up to the taxi but no escape to Kenya for the cripple. The woman with sclerosis believes that crippled people should be considered same as the normal people. People acts differently to handicapped patients. Crippled patients want them to be considered a part of the world, not like being alienated by the normal beings.The meaning of the article is to make people understand how normal beings should consider the handicapped patients equal and not different. Media should portray disables as part of everyday life because otherwise they deny disability and leave TAP (Temporary Abled People) unprepared to cope if they become disabled. They should treat them the same way they treat everyone. The handicapped people are treated differently and are alienated, they want their freedom to o. The author is trying to say that human beings acts differently when they see handicapped people which are true.The woman here is trying to connect herself to this world. Nancy Mairs is narrating the whole essay which means she used narration style of writing. In this style the writer tells a story. A story has characters, a setting, a time, a problem, attempts at solving the problem, and a solution to the problem. The whole essay is a story of a woman who has multiple sclerosis. She explained her point though this type of writing. She used first person as to narrate her story and explain why people act different to handicapped people.